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doc/utilities.txt

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@@ -13,30 +13,30 @@ Plotting Samples and Filters
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.. _here: http://deeplearning.net/tutorial/code/utils.py
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To plot a sample, what we need to do is to take the visible units, which
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To plot a sample, what we need to do is to take the visible units, which
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are a flattened image (there is no 2D structure to the visible units,
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just a 1D string of unit activations) and reshape it into a 2D image. The order in
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which the points from the 1D array go into the 2D image is given by the
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which the points from the 1D array go into the 2D image is given by the
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order in which the inital MNIST images where converted into a 1D array.
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Lucky for us this is just a call of the ``numpy.reshape`` function.
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Plotting the weights is a bit more tricky. We have ``n_hidden`` hidden
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units, each of them corresponding to a column of the weight matrix. A
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column has the same shape as the visible, where the weight corresponding
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units, each of them corresponding to a column of the weight matrix. A
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column has the same shape as the visible, where the weight corresponding
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to the connection with visible unit `j` is at position `j`. Therefore,
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if we reshape every such column, using ``numpy.reshape``, we get a
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filter image that tells us how this hidden unit is influenced by
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filter image that tells us how this hidden unit is influenced by
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the input image.
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We need a utility function that takes a minibatch, or the weight matrix,
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and converts each row ( for the weight matrix we do a transpose ) into a
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We need a utility function that takes a minibatch, or the weight matrix,
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and converts each row ( for the weight matrix we do a transpose ) into a
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2D image and then tile these images together. Once we converted the
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minibatch or the weights in this image of tiles, we can use PIL to plot
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and save. `PIL <http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/>`_ is a standard
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minibatch or the weights in this image of tiles, we can use PIL to plot
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and save. `PIL <http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/>`_ is a standard
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python libarary to deal with images.
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Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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``tile_raster_image`` function which we provide here.
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Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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``tile_raster_image`` function which we provide here.
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.. code-block:: python
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@@ -49,18 +49,18 @@ Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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return ndar
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def tile_raster_images(X, img_shape, tile_shape, tile_spacing=(0, 0),
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def tile_raster_images(X, img_shape, tile_shape, tile_spacing=(0, 0),
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scale_rows_to_unit_interval=True,
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output_pixel_vals=True):
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"""
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Transform an array with one flattened image per row, into an array in
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Transform an array with one flattened image per row, into an array in
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which images are reshaped and layed out like tiles on a floor.
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This function is useful for visualizing datasets whose rows are images,
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and also columns of matrices for transforming those rows
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This function is useful for visualizing datasets whose rows are images,
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and also columns of matrices for transforming those rows
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(such as the first layer of a neural net).
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:type X: a 2-D ndarray or a tuple of 4 channels, elements of which can
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:type X: a 2-D ndarray or a tuple of 4 channels, elements of which can
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be 2-D ndarrays or None;
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:param X: a 2-D array in which every row is a flattened image.
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@@ -69,38 +69,38 @@ Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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:type tile_shape: tuple; (rows, cols)
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:param tile_shape: the number of images to tile (rows, cols)
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:param output_pixel_vals: if output should be pixel values (i.e. int8
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values) or floats
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:param scale_rows_to_unit_interval: if the values need to be scaled before
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being plotted to [0,1] or not
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:returns: array suitable for viewing as an image.
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:returns: array suitable for viewing as an image.
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(See:`PIL.Image.fromarray`.)
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:rtype: a 2-d array with same dtype as X.
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"""
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assert len(img_shape) == 2
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assert len(tile_shape) == 2
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assert len(tile_spacing) == 2
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# The expression below can be re-written in a more C style as
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# follows :
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# The expression below can be re-written in a more C style as
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# follows :
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#
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# out_shape = [0,0]
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# out_shape[0] = (img_shape[0] + tile_spacing[0]) * tile_shape[0] -
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# tile_spacing[0]
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# out_shape[1] = (img_shape[1] + tile_spacing[1]) * tile_shape[1] -
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# tile_spacing[1]
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out_shape = [(ishp + tsp) * tshp - tsp for ishp, tshp, tsp
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out_shape = [(ishp + tsp) * tshp - tsp for ishp, tshp, tsp
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in zip(img_shape, tile_shape, tile_spacing)]
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if isinstance(X, tuple):
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assert len(X) == 4
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# Create an output numpy ndarray to store the image
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# Create an output numpy ndarray to store the image
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if output_pixel_vals:
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out_array = numpy.zeros((out_shape[0], out_shape[1], 4), dtype='uint8')
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else:
@@ -114,19 +114,19 @@ Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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for i in xrange(4):
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if X[i] is None:
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# if channel is None, fill it with zeros of the correct
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# if channel is None, fill it with zeros of the correct
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# dtype
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out_array[:, :, i] = numpy.zeros(out_shape,
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dtype='uint8' if output_pixel_vals else out_array.dtype
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) + channel_defaults[i]
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else:
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# use a recurrent call to compute the channel and store it
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# use a recurrent call to compute the channel and store it
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# in the output
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out_array[:, :, i] = tile_raster_images(X[i], img_shape, tile_shape, tile_spacing, scale_rows_to_unit_interval, output_pixel_vals)
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return out_array
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else:
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# if we are dealing with only one channel
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# if we are dealing with only one channel
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H, W = img_shape
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Hs, Ws = tile_spacing
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@@ -138,13 +138,13 @@ Tiling minibatches together is done for us by the
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for tile_col in xrange(tile_shape[1]):
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if tile_row * tile_shape[1] + tile_col < X.shape[0]:
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if scale_rows_to_unit_interval:
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# if we should scale values to be between 0 and 1
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# if we should scale values to be between 0 and 1
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# do this by calling the `scale_to_unit_interval`
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# function
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this_img = scale_to_unit_interval(X[tile_row * tile_shape[1] + tile_col].reshape(img_shape))
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else:
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this_img = X[tile_row * tile_shape[1] + tile_col].reshape(img_shape)
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# add the slice to the corresponding position in the
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# add the slice to the corresponding position in the
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# output array
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out_array[
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tile_row * (H+Hs): tile_row * (H + Hs) + H,

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