@@ -133,11 +133,13 @@ <h4 class="author"><em>Xing Su</em></h4>
133133<li><a href="#optimization">Optimization</a></li>
134134</ul></li>
135135<li><a href="#debugging">Debugging</a></li>
136- <li><a href="#r-profiler">R Profiler</a></li>
136+ <li><a href="#r-profiler">R Profiler</a><ul>
137+ <li><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
138+ </ul></li>
137139</ul>
138140</div>
139141
140- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
142+
141143<div id="overview-and-history-of-r" class="section level2">
142144<h2>Overview and History of R</h2>
143145<ul>
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ <h2>Overview and History of R</h2>
194196<li>5000+ packages available</li>
195197</ul></li>
196198</ul>
197- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
199+
198200</div>
199201<div id="coding-standards" class="section level2">
200202<h2>Coding Standards</h2>
@@ -239,7 +241,7 @@ <h2>R Console and Evaluation</h2>
239241</ul></li>
240242<li><code>[1]</code> at the beginning of the output = which element of the vector is being shown</li>
241243</ul>
242- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
244+
243245</div>
244246<div id="r-objects-and-data-structures" class="section level2">
245247<h2>R Objects and Data Structures</h2>
@@ -445,7 +447,7 @@ <h3>Factors</h3>
445447<li><code>table(factorVar)</code> = how many of each are in the factor</li>
446448</ul></li>
447449</ul>
448- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
450+
449451</div>
450452</div>
451453<div id="missing-values" class="section level2">
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ <h2>Missing Values</h2>
481483</ul></li>
482484<li><p><strong>Imputing Missing Values</strong> = replacing missing values with estimates (can be averages from all other data with the similar conditions)</p></li>
483485</ul>
484- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
486+
485487</div>
486488<div id="sequence-of-numbers" class="section level2">
487489<h2>Sequence of Numbers</h2>
@@ -579,7 +581,7 @@ <h3>Partial Matching</h3>
579581<li>x[[“a”, exact = false]]</li>
580582</ul></li>
581583</ul>
582- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
584+
583585</div>
584586</div>
585587<div id="logic" class="section level2">
@@ -628,7 +630,7 @@ <h2>Understanding Data</h2>
628630</ul></li>
629631<li><code>View(data.frame)</code> = opens and view the content of the data frame</li>
630632</ul>
631- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
633+
632634</div>
633635<div id="split-apply-combine-funtions" class="section level2">
634636<h2>Split-Apply-Combine Funtions</h2>
@@ -786,7 +788,7 @@ <h3><code>aggregate()</code></h3>
786788<li><code>na.rm = TRUE</code> –> removes NA values</li>
787789</ul></li>
788790</ul>
789- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
791+
790792</div>
791793</div>
792794<div id="simulation" class="section level2">
@@ -880,7 +882,7 @@ <h3>Generate Numbers for a Linear Model</h3>
880882<pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r">x <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>)
881883log.mu <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="fl">0.5</span> +<span class="st"> </span><span class="fl">0.3</span>*<span class="st"> </span>x
882884y <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">rpois</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>, <span class="kw">exp</span>(log.mu))</code></pre>
883- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
885+
884886</div>
885887</div>
886888<div id="dates-and-times" class="section level2">
@@ -921,7 +923,7 @@ <h2>Base Graphics</h2>
921923<li><code>break = 100</code> = split data into 100 bins</li>
922924</ul></li>
923925</ul>
924- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
926+
925927</div>
926928<div id="reading-tabular-data" class="section level2">
927929<h2>Reading Tabular Data</h2>
@@ -1009,7 +1011,7 @@ <h3>Interfaces to the Outside World</h3>
10091011</ul></li>
10101012</ul></li>
10111013</ul>
1012- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
1014+
10131015</div>
10141016</div>
10151017<div id="control-structures" class="section level2">
@@ -1116,7 +1118,7 @@ <h3><code>next</code> and <code>return</code></h3>
11161118 }
11171119 ## Do something here
11181120}</code></pre>
1119- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
1121+
11201122</div>
11211123</div>
11221124<div id="functions" class="section level2">
@@ -1171,7 +1173,7 @@ <h2>Functions</h2>
11711173<li><em><strong>Note</strong>: arguments coming after … must be explicitly matched and cannot be partially matched</em></li>
11721174</ul></li>
11731175</ul>
1174- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
1176+
11751177</div>
11761178<div id="scoping" class="section level2">
11771179<h2>Scoping</h2>
@@ -1309,7 +1311,7 @@ <h3>Optimization</h3>
13091311## b <- -0.5*sum((data-mu)^2) / (sigma^2)
13101312## -(a + b)
13111313## }
1312- ## <environment: 0x7fb869178030 ></code></pre>
1314+ ## <environment: 0x7fc51d30b668 ></code></pre>
13131315<pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span class="co"># Estimating Prameters</span>
13141316<span class="kw">optim</span>(<span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dt">mu =</span> <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="dt">sigma =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>), nLL)$par</code></pre>
13151317<pre><code>## mu sigma
@@ -1322,7 +1324,7 @@ <h3>Optimization</h3>
13221324nLL <-<span class="st"> </span><span class="kw">make.NegLogLik</span>(normals, <span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="ot">FALSE</span>))
13231325<span class="kw">optimize</span>(nLL, <span class="kw">c</span>(<span class="fl">1e-6</span>, <span class="dv">10</span>))$minimum</code></pre>
13241326<pre><code>## [1] 1.800596</code></pre>
1325- <p><span class="math">\(\pagebreak\)</span></p>
1327+
13261328</div>
13271329</div>
13281330<div id="debugging" class="section level2">
@@ -1377,7 +1379,7 @@ <h2>R Profiler</h2>
13771379 }
13781380})</code></pre>
13791381<pre><code>## user system elapsed
1380- ## 0.143 0.003 0.150 </code></pre>
1382+ ## 0.150 0.005 0.170 </code></pre>
13811383<ul>
13821384<li><code>system.time(expression)</code>
13831385<ul>
@@ -1426,8 +1428,13 @@ <h2>R Profiler</h2>
14261428<li><em><strong>Note</strong>: R must be compiled with profiles support (generally the case)</em></li>
14271429<li><em><strong>Note</strong>: should NOT be used with system.time()</em></li>
14281430</ul>
1429- <p><code>ylim=range(unlist(rss))</code></p>
1430- <p><code>ls("package:elasticnet")</code></p>
1431+ <div id="miscellaneous" class="section level3">
1432+ <h3>Miscellaneous</h3>
1433+ <ul>
1434+ <li><code>unlist(rss)</code> = converts a list object into data frame/vector</li>
1435+ <li><code>ls("package:elasticnet")</code> = list methods in package</li>
1436+ </ul>
1437+ </div>
14311438</div>
14321439
14331440
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