diff --git a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
index b56b74c9a29..c3220e2c144 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
@@ -85,137 +85,36 @@ jobs:
     with:
       parent-workflow: cpp_extra
 
-  docker:
-    needs: check-labels
-    name: ${{ matrix.title }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
-    if: >-
-      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
-    timeout-minutes: 75
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - image: alpine-linux-cpp
-            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-            title: AMD64 Alpine Linux
-          - image: conda-cpp
-            run-options: >-
-              -e ARROW_USE_MESON=ON
-            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-            title: AMD64 Ubuntu Meson
-          # TODO: We should remove this "continue-on-error: true" once GH-47207 is resolved
-          - continue-on-error: true
-            envs:
-              - DEBIAN=13
-            image: debian-cpp
-            run-options: >-
-              -e CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23
-            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-            title: AMD64 Debian C++23
-    env:
-      ARCHERY_DEBUG: 1
-      ARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS: OFF
-      DOCKER_VOLUME_PREFIX: ".docker/"
+  linux-runner:
+    name: Test instance from runs-on
+    runs-on: runs-on=${{ github.run_id }}/runner=2cpu-linux-x64
     steps:
-      - name: Checkout Arrow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          submodules: recursive
-      - name: Cache Docker Volumes
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
-        with:
-          path: .docker
-          key: extra-${{ matrix.image }}-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
-          restore-keys: extra-${{ matrix.image }}-
-      - name: Setup Python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
-        with:
-          python-version: 3
-      - name: Setup Archery
-        run: python3 -m pip install -e dev/archery[docker]
-      - name: Execute Docker Build
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
-        env:
-          ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USER }}
-          ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-          ENVS: ${{ toJSON(matrix.envs) }}
-        run: |
-          # GH-40558: reduce ASLR to avoid ASAN/LSAN crashes
-          sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
-          source ci/scripts/util_enable_core_dumps.sh
-          if [ "${ENVS}" != "null" ]; then
-            echo "${ENVS}" | jq -r '.[]' | while read env; do
-              echo "${env}" >> .env
-            done
-          fi
-          archery docker run ${{ matrix.run-options || '' }} ${{ matrix.image }}
-      - name: Docker Push
-        if: >-
-          success() &&
-          github.event_name == 'push' &&
-          github.repository == 'apache/arrow' &&
-          github.ref_name == 'main'
-        env:
-          ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USER }}
-          ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
-        continue-on-error: true
-        run: archery docker push ${{ matrix.image }}
-
-  msvc-arm64:
-    needs: check-labels
-    if: >-
-      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
-    name: ARM64 Windows 11 MSVC
-    uses: ./.github/workflows/cpp_windows.yml
-    with:
-      arch: arm64
-      os: windows-11-arm
-      simd-level: NONE
+      - run: echo "Hello from x64!"
 
-  jni-linux:
+  cuda-cpp:
     needs: check-labels
-    name: JNI ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }} ${{ matrix.platform.arch }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }}
     if: >-
       needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
       contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
       contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
-    timeout-minutes: 240
-    permissions:
-      # This is for using GitHub Packages for vcpkg cache
-      packages: write
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        platform:
-          - arch: "amd64"
-            runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-          - arch: "arm64v8"
-            runs-on: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+    name: CUDA 13.0.2 C++ on Ubuntu 24.04
+    runs-on: "runs-on=${{ github.run_id }}/family=g4dn.xlarge/image=ubuntu24-gpu-x64"
     env:
-      ARCH: ${{ matrix.platform.arch }}
-      REPO: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}-dev
+      CUDA: "13.0.2"
+      UBUNTU: "24.04"
     steps:
+      - name: Display NVIDIA SMI details
+        run: |
+          nvidia-smi
+          nvidia-smi -L
+          nvidia-smi -q -d Memory
+      - name: Ensure Docker is available with GPU support
+        run: docker run --rm --runtime=nvidia --gpus all ubuntu nvidia-smi
       - name: Checkout Arrow
         uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
           submodules: recursive
-      - name: Free up disk space
-        run: |
-          ci/scripts/util_free_space.sh
-      - name: Cache Docker Volumes
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
-        with:
-          path: .docker
-          key: jni-${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }}-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
-          restore-keys: jni-${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }}-
       - name: Setup Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
@@ -227,10 +126,10 @@ jobs:
           ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ github.actor }}
           ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: "clear;nuget,GitHub,readwrite"
         run: |
           source ci/scripts/util_enable_core_dumps.sh
-          archery docker run cpp-jni
+          archery docker run \
+            ubuntu-cuda-cpp
       - name: Docker Push
         if: >-
           success() &&
@@ -240,209 +139,11 @@ jobs:
           ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ github.actor }}
           ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         continue-on-error: true
-        run: archery docker push cpp-jni
-
-  jni-macos:
-    needs: check-labels
-    name: JNI macOS
-    runs-on: macos-14
-    if: >-
-      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
-    timeout-minutes: 45
-    env:
-      MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: "14.0"
-    steps:
-      - name: Checkout Arrow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          submodules: recursive
-      - name: Install dependencies
-        run: |
-          brew bundle --file=cpp/Brewfile
-          # We want to link aws-sdk-cpp statically but Homebrew's
-          # aws-sdk-cpp provides only shared library. If we have
-          # Homebrew's aws-sdk-cpp, our build mix Homebrew's
-          # aws-sdk-cpp and bundled aws-sdk-cpp. We uninstall Homebrew's
-          # aws-sdk-cpp to ensure using only bundled aws-sdk-cpp.
-          brew uninstall aws-sdk-cpp
-          # We want to use bundled RE2 for static linking. If
-          # Homebrew's RE2 is installed, its header file may be used.
-          # We uninstall Homebrew's RE2 to ensure using bundled RE2.
-          brew uninstall grpc || : # gRPC depends on RE2
-          brew uninstall grpc@1.54 || : # gRPC 1.54 may be installed too
-          brew uninstall re2
-          # We want to use bundled Protobuf for static linking. If
-          # Homebrew's Protobuf is installed, its library file may be
-          # used on test  We uninstall Homebrew's Protobuf to ensure using
-          # bundled Protobuf.
-          brew uninstall protobuf
-      - name: Prepare ccache
-        run: |
-          echo "CCACHE_DIR=${PWD}/ccache" >> ${GITHUB_ENV}
-      - name: Cache ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v5
-        with:
-          path: ccache
-          key: jni-macos-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
-          restore-keys: jni-macos-
-      - name: CMake
-        run: |
-          cmake \
-            -S cpp \
-            -B cpp.build \
-            --preset=ninja-release-jni-macos \
-            -DARROW_BUILD_TESTS=ON \
-            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$PWD/cpp.install
-      - name: Build
-        run: |
-          cmake --build cpp.build
-      - name: Install
-        run: |
-          cmake --install cpp.build
-      - name: Test
-        env:
-          ARROW_TEST_DATA: ${{ github.workspace }}/testing/data
-          PARQUET_TEST_DATA: ${{ github.workspace }}/cpp/submodules/parquet-testing/data
-        run: |
-          # MinIO is required
-          exclude_tests="arrow-s3fs-test"
-          # unstable
-          exclude_tests="${exclude_tests}|arrow-acero-asof-join-node-test"
-          exclude_tests="${exclude_tests}|arrow-acero-hash-join-node-test"
-          ctest \
-            --exclude-regex "${exclude_tests}" \
-            --label-regex unittest \
-            --output-on-failure \
-            --parallel "$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)" \
-            --test-dir "cpp.build" \
-            --timeout 300
-      - name: Build example
-        run: |
-          cmake \
-            -S cpp/examples/minimal_build/ \
-            -B cpp/examples/minimal_build.build \
-            -GNinja \
-            -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$PWD/cpp.install
-          cmake --build cpp/examples/minimal_build.build
-          cd cpp/examples/minimal_build
-          ../minimal_build.build/arrow-example
-
-  odbc:
-    needs: check-labels
-    name: ODBC
-    runs-on: windows-2022
-    if: >-
-      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
-      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
-    timeout-minutes: 240
-    env:
-      ARROW_BUILD_SHARED: ON
-      ARROW_BUILD_STATIC: OFF
-      ARROW_BUILD_TESTS: ON
-      ARROW_BUILD_TYPE: release
-      ARROW_DEPENDENCY_SOURCE: VCPKG
-      ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC: ON
-      ARROW_SIMD_LEVEL: AVX2
-      CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD: "17"
-      CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
-      CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX: /usr
-      VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: 'clear;nuget,GitHub,readwrite'
-      VCPKG_DEFAULT_TRIPLET: x64-windows
-    steps:
-      - name: Disable Crash Dialogs
-        run: |
-          reg add `
-            "HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Windows Error Reporting" `
-            /v DontShowUI `
-            /t REG_DWORD `
-            /d 1 `
-            /f
-      - name: Checkout Arrow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          submodules: recursive
-      - name: Download Timezone Database
-        shell: bash
-        run: ci/scripts/download_tz_database.sh
-      - name: Install cmake
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ci/scripts/install_cmake.sh 4.1.2 /usr
-      - name: Install ccache
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ci/scripts/install_ccache.sh 4.12.1 /usr
-      - name: Setup ccache
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          ci/scripts/ccache_setup.sh
-      - name: ccache info
-        id: ccache-info
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          echo "cache-dir=$(ccache --get-config cache_dir)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Cache ccache
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: ${{ steps.ccache-info.outputs.cache-dir }}
-          key: cpp-odbc-ccache-windows-x64-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
-          restore-keys: cpp-odbc-ccache-windows-x64-
-      - name: Checkout vcpkg
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
-        with:
-          fetch-depth: 0
-          path: vcpkg
-          repository: microsoft/vcpkg
-      - name: Bootstrap vcpkg
-        run: |
-          vcpkg\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
-          $VCPKG_ROOT = $(Resolve-Path -LiteralPath "vcpkg").ToString()
-          Write-Output ${VCPKG_ROOT} | `
-            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_PATH} -Encoding utf8 -Append
-          Write-Output "VCPKG_ROOT=${VCPKG_ROOT}" | `
-            Out-File -FilePath ${Env:GITHUB_ENV} -Encoding utf8 -Append
-      - name: Setup NuGet credentials for vcpkg caching
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
-            sources add \
-            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json" \
-            -storepasswordincleartext \
-            -name "GitHub" \
-            -username "$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER" \
-            -password "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}"
-          $(vcpkg fetch nuget | tail -n 1) \
-            setapikey "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" \
-            -source "https://nuget.pkg.github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER/index.json"
-      - name: Build
-        shell: cmd
-        run: |
-          set VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP=%VCPKG_ROOT%
-          call "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" x64
-          set VCPKG_ROOT=%VCPKG_ROOT_KEEP%
-          bash -c "ci/scripts/cpp_build.sh $(pwd) $(pwd)/build"
-      - name: Register Flight SQL ODBC Driver
-        shell: cmd
-        run: |
-          call "cpp\src\arrow\flight\sql\odbc\tests\install_odbc.cmd" ${{ github.workspace }}\build\cpp\%ARROW_BUILD_TYPE%\arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll
-      # GH-48270 TODO: Resolve segementation fault during Arrow library unload
-      # GH-48269 TODO: Enable Flight & Flight SQL testing in MSVC CI
-      # GH-48547 TODO: enable ODBC tests after GH-48270 and GH-48269 are resolved.
-
-      # GH-47787 TODO: Build ODBC installer
+        run: archery docker push ubuntu-cuda-cpp
 
   report-extra-cpp:
     if: github.event_name == 'schedule' && always()
     needs:
-      - docker
-      - jni-linux
-      - jni-macos
-      - msvc-arm64
-      - odbc
+      - cuda-cpp
     uses: ./.github/workflows/report_ci.yml
     secrets: inherit