First attemt at a section on logging.

Author: tanyaschlusser

docs/writing/logging.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+Logging
+=======
+
+The :mod:`logging` module has been a part of Python's Standard Library since
+version 2.3.  It is succinctly described in :pep:`282`.  The documentation
+is notoriously hard to read, except for the `basic logging tutorial`_,
+and often less useful than simply reading the source code.
+
+Logging serves two purposes:
+
+- **Diagnostic logging** records events related to the application's
+  operation. If a user calls in to report an error, for example, the logs
+  can be searched for context.
+- **Audit logging** records events for business analysis. A user's
+  transactions can be extracted and combined with other user details for
+  reports or to optimize a business goal.
+
+
+... or Print Statements?
+------------------------
+
+The only time that ``print`` is a better option than logging is when
+the goal is to display a help statement for a command line application.
+Other reasons why logging is better than ``print``:
+
+- The `log record`_, which is created with every logging event, contains
+  readily available diagnostic information such as the file name,
+  full path, function, and line number of the logging event.
+- Events logged in included modules are automatically accessible via the
+  root logger
+  to your application's logging stream, unless you filter them out.
+- Logging can be selectively silenced or disabled by using the method
+  :meth:`logging.Logger.setLevel` or setting the attribute
+  :attr:`logging.Logger.disabled` to ``True``.
+
+
+Logging in a Library
+--------------------
+
+Notes for `configuring logging for a library`_ are in the 
+`basic logging tutorial`_.  Because the *user*, not the library, should
+dictate what happens when a logging event occurs, One admonition bears
+repeating:
+
+.. note::
+    It is strongly advised that you do not add any handlers other than
+    NullHandler to your library’s loggers.  
+
+
+Best practice when instantiating loggers in a library is to only create them
+using the ``__name__`` global variable: the :mod:`logging` module creates a
+hierarchy of loggers using dot notation, so using ``__name__`` ensures
+no name collisions.
+
+Here is an example of best practice from the `requests source`_ -- place
+this in your ``__init__.py``
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+    import logging
+    try:  # Python 2.7+
+        from logging import NullHandler
+    except ImportError:
+        class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+            def emit(self, record):
+                pass
+
+    logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+
+Logging in an Application
+-------------------------
+
+The `twelve factor app's <http://12factor.net>`_, an authoritative reference
+for good practice in application development, contains a section on
+`logging best practice <http://12factor.net/logs>`_. It emphatically
+advocates for treating log events as an event stream, and for
+sending that event stream to standard output to be handled by the
+application environment. Do that.
+
+
+There are at least three ways to configure a logger:
+
+- using a file (recommended)
+- using a dictionary
+- using code
+
+Here is how with a file -- let us say it is named ``logging_config.txt``:
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+    
+    [handlers]
+    keys=stream_handler
+    
+    [formatters]
+    keys=formatter
+    
+    [logger_root]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=stream_handler
+    
+    [handler_stream_handler]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=DEBUG
+    formatter=formatter
+    args=(sys.stderr,)
+    
+    [formatter_formatter]
+    format=%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s
+
+
+Then use :meth:`logging.config.fileConfig` in the code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    import logging
+    from logging.config import fileConfig
+
+    fileConfig('logging_config.txt')
+    logger = logging.getLogger()
+    logger.debug('often makes a very good meal of %s', 'visiting tourists')
+    
+
+..
+    As of Python 2.7, you can use a dictionary with configuration details:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        import logging
+        from logging.config import dictConfig
+    
+        logging_config = dict(
+            version = 1,
+            formatters = {
+                'f': {'format':
+                      '%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s'}
+                },
+            handlers = {
+                'h': {'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                      'formatter': 'f',
+                      'level': logging.DEBUG}
+                },
+            loggers = {
+                root : {'handlers': ['h'],
+                        'level': logging.DEBUG}
+                }
+        )
+    
+        dictConfig(logging_config)
+    
+        logger = logging.getLogger()
+        logger.debug('often makes a very good meal of %s', 'visiting tourists')
+    
+    
+    Or instantiate the logger directly in code:
+    
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        import logging
+    
+        logger = logging.getLogger()
+        handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+        formatter = logging.Formatter(
+                '%(asctime)s %(name)-12s %(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
+        handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    
+        logger.debug('often makes a very good meal of %s', 'visiting tourists')
+
+
+.. _basic logging tutorial: http://docs.python.org/howto/logging.html#logging-basic-tutorial
+.. _configuring logging for a library: https://docs.python.org/howto/logging.html#configuring-logging-for-a-library
+.. _log record: https://docs.python.org/library/logging.html#logrecord-attributes
+.. _requests source: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests