diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yaml b/.github/workflows/build.yaml
index 9444048..c4ede25 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yaml
@@ -7,11 +7,16 @@ on:
 jobs:
     linux_tests:
         name: PHP on ${{ matrix.php }} - ${{ matrix.stability }} - ${{ matrix.composer-flags }}
-        runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+        runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
         strategy:
             matrix:
-                php: ['8.1', '8.2', '8.3']
+                php: ['8.1', '8.2', '8.3', '8.4']
                 stability: [prefer-lowest, prefer-stable]
+                include:
+                    -   php: '8.4'
+                        flags: "--ignore-platform-req=php"
+                        phpunit-flags: '--no-coverage'
+                        stability: prefer-stable
         steps:
             - name: Checkout code
               uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -32,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
               id: composer-cache
               run: |
                   echo "dir=$(composer config cache-files-dir)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            - uses: actions/cache@v3
+            - uses: actions/cache@v4
               with:
                   path: ${{ steps.composer-cache.outputs.dir }}
                   key: ${{ runner.os }}-composer-${{ matrix.stability }}-${{ matrix.flags }}-${{ hashFiles('**/composer.lock') }}
@@ -45,11 +50,16 @@ jobs:
 
             - name: Run Unit tests with coverage
               run: composer phpunit -- ${{ matrix.phpunit-flags }}
+              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.3' || matrix.php == '8.2' || matrix.php == '8.1'}}
+
+            - name:  Run Unit tests without coverage
+              run: composer phpunit:min
+              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.4'}}
 
             - name: Run static analysis
               run: composer phpstan
-              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.2' && matrix.stability == 'prefer-stable'}}
+              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.3' && matrix.stability == 'prefer-stable'}}
 
             - name: Run Coding style rules
               run: composer phpcs:fix
-              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.2' && matrix.stability == 'prefer-stable'}}
+              if: ${{ matrix.php == '8.3' && matrix.stability == 'prefer-stable'}}
diff --git a/.php-cs-fixer.php b/.php-cs-fixer.php
index 0b41a31..c17d0c9 100644
--- a/.php-cs-fixer.php
+++ b/.php-cs-fixer.php
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 
+use PhpCsFixer\Runner\Parallel\ParallelConfigFactory;
+
 $finder = PhpCsFixer\Finder::create()
     ->in(__DIR__.'/src')
 ;
@@ -7,8 +9,9 @@
 $config = new PhpCsFixer\Config();
 
 return $config
+    ->setParallelConfig(ParallelConfigFactory::detect())
     ->setRules([
-        '@PSR2' => true,
+        '@PSR12' => true,
         'array_syntax' => ['syntax' => 'short'],
         'concat_space' => ['spacing' => 'none'],
         'global_namespace_import' => [
@@ -16,22 +19,18 @@
             'import_constants' => true,
             'import_functions' => true,
         ],
-        'list_syntax' => ['syntax' => 'short'],
         'new_with_parentheses' => true,
         'no_blank_lines_after_phpdoc' => true,
         'no_empty_phpdoc' => true,
         'no_empty_comment' => true,
         'no_leading_import_slash' => true,
-        'no_superfluous_phpdoc_tags' => [
-            'allow_mixed' => true,
-            'remove_inheritdoc' => true,
-            'allow_unused_params' => false,
-        ],
+        'no_superfluous_phpdoc_tags' => true,
         'no_trailing_comma_in_singleline' => true,
         'no_unused_imports' => true,
+        'nullable_type_declaration_for_default_null_value' => true,
         'ordered_imports' => ['imports_order' => ['class', 'function', 'const'], 'sort_algorithm' => 'alpha'],
         'phpdoc_add_missing_param_annotation' => ['only_untyped' => true],
-        'phpdoc_align' => true,
+        'phpdoc_align' => ['align' => 'left'],
         'phpdoc_no_empty_return' => true,
         'phpdoc_order' => true,
         'phpdoc_scalar' => true,
@@ -46,5 +45,6 @@
         'trailing_comma_in_multiline' => true,
         'trim_array_spaces' => true,
         'whitespace_after_comma_in_array' => true,
+        'yoda_style' => true,
     ])
     ->setFinder($finder);
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 965c392..50dc06f 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,28 @@
 
 All Notable changes to `PHP Domain Parser` starting from the **5.x** series will be documented in this file
 
+## [6.4.0] - 2025-04-26
+
+### Added
+
+- `DomainName::withRootLabel`, `DomainName::withoutRootLabel`, `DomainName::isAbsolute` methods to handle absolute domain names.
+- `DomainName::when` to allow conditionable when building the domain.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Absolute domain name can now also be resolved by the package see issue [#361](https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/issues/361) prior to this release an exception was thrown.
+- Since we no longer support PHP7 type hint and return type are improved.
+- Resolving private suffixes that have a wildcarded subdomain suffix [#363](https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/issues/363) by [@wikando-ck](https://github.com/wikando-ck)
+  (Once downloaded and installed you MUST refresh your cache to enable the fix to work.)
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- None
+
+### Removed
+
+- None
+
 ## [6.3.0] - 2023-02-25
 
 ### Added
@@ -390,6 +412,7 @@ All Notable changes to `PHP Domain Parser` starting from the **5.x** series will
 - `Pdp\HttpAdapter\HttpAdapterInterface` interface replaced by the `Pdp\HttpClient` interface
 - `Pdp\HttpAdapter\CurlHttpAdapter` class replaced by the `Pdp\CurlHttpClient` class
 
+[6.4.0]: https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/compare/6.3.0...6.4.0
 [6.3.0]: https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/compare/6.2.0...6.3.0
 [6.2.0]: https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/compare/6.1.2...6.2.0
 [6.1.2]: https://github.com/jeremykendall/php-domain-parser/compare/6.1.1...6.1.2
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 68dc1b3..96d3519 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -36,10 +36,18 @@ composer require jeremykendall/php-domain-parser:^6.0
 
 You need:
 
-- **PHP >= 7.4** but the latest stable version of PHP is recommended
-- the `intl` extension
+- **PHP >= 8.1** but the latest stable version of PHP is recommended
 - a copy of the [Public Suffix List](https://publicsuffix.org/) data and/or a copy of the [IANA Top Level Domain List](https://www.iana.org/domains/root/files). Please refer to the [Managing external data source section](#managing-the-package-external-resources) for more information when using this package in production.
 
+Handling of an IDN host requires the presence of the `intl` extension or
+a polyfill for the `intl` IDN functions like the `symfony/polyfill-intl-idn`
+otherwise an exception will be thrown when attempting to validate or interact
+with such a host.
+
+> [!WARNING]
+> When upgrading to version `6.4` you MUST refresh your local cache for the fix on
+> private domain resolution to take effect.
+
 ## Usage
 
 > [!WARNING]
@@ -224,6 +232,10 @@ supported type to avoid unexpected results. By default, if the input is not a
 `Pdp\Suffix` instance, the resulting public suffix will be labelled as
 being unknown. For more information go to the [Public Suffix section](#public-suffix)
 
+> [!NOTE]
+> Since version `6.4` Domain resolution is also adapted so that absolute domain
+can effectively be resolved. Prior to version `6.4` an exception was thrown.
+
 ### Domain Suffix
 
 The domain effective TLD is represented using the `Pdp\Suffix`. Depending on
@@ -338,6 +350,26 @@ $newDomain->clear()->labels();      //return []
 echo $domain->slice(2)->toString(); //display 'www'
 ~~~
 
+Starting with version `6.4` it is possible to specify and handle absolute domain
+with the following methods.
+
+~~~php
+<?php 
+use Pdp\Domain;
+use Pdp\Rules;
+
+/** @var Rules $publicSuffixList */
+$domain = $publicSuffixList->resolve(Domain::from2008('www.ExAmpLE.cOM'))->domain();
+$newDomain = $domain->withRootLabel();
+
+echo $domain->toString();    //display 'www.example.com'
+echo $newDomain->toString(); //display 'www.example.com.www.'
+$domain->isAbsolute();       //return false
+$newDomain->isAbsolute()     //return true
+
+$domain->value() === $newDomain->withoutRootLabel()->value();
+~~~
+
 > [!WARNING]
 > Because of its definition, a domain name can be `null` or a string.
 
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 25138d2..245e9d2 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -41,27 +41,28 @@
     ],
     "require": {
         "php": "^8.1",
-        "ext-filter": "*",
-        "ext-intl": "*",
-        "ext-json": "*"
+        "ext-filter": "*"
     },
     "require-dev": {
-        "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^v3.35.1",
-        "guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.8",
-        "guzzlehttp/psr7": "^1.6 || ^2.6.1",
-        "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.10.39",
-        "phpstan/phpstan-phpunit": "^1.3.15",
-        "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^1.5.1",
-        "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.4.1",
-        "psr/http-factory": "^1.0.2",
-        "psr/simple-cache": "^1.0.1",
-        "symfony/cache": "^v5.0.0 || ^v6.3.5"
+        "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "^3.65.0",
+        "guzzlehttp/guzzle": "^7.9.2",
+        "guzzlehttp/psr7": "^1.6 || ^2.7.0",
+        "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.12.13",
+        "phpstan/phpstan-phpunit": "^1.4.2",
+        "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^1.6.1",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^10.5.15 || ^11.5.1",
+        "psr/http-factory": "^1.1.0",
+        "psr/simple-cache": "^1.0.1 || ^2.0.0",
+        "symfony/cache": "^v5.0.0 || ^6.4.16",
+        "symfony/var-dumper": "^v6.4.18 || ^7.2"
     },
     "suggest": {
-        "psr/http-client-implementation": "To use the storage functionnality which depends on PSR-18",
-        "psr/http-factory-implementation": "To use the storage functionnality which depends on PSR-17",
-        "psr/simple-cache-implementation": "To use the storage functionnality which depends on PSR-16",
-        "league/uri": "To parse URL and validate host"
+        "psr/http-client-implementation": "To use the storage functionality which depends on PSR-18",
+        "psr/http-factory-implementation": "To use the storage functionality which depends on PSR-17",
+        "psr/simple-cache-implementation": "To use the storage functionality which depends on PSR-16",
+        "league/uri": "To parse and extract the host from an URL using a RFC3986/RFC3987 URI parser",
+        "rowbot/url": "To parse and extract the host from an URL using a  WHATWG URL parser",
+        "symfony/polyfill-intl-idn": "to handle IDN host via the Symfony polyfill if ext-intl is not present"
     },
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {
@@ -71,8 +72,9 @@
     "scripts": {
         "phpcs": "PHP_CS_FIXER_IGNORE_ENV=1 php-cs-fixer fix -vvv --diff --dry-run --allow-risky=yes --ansi",
         "phpcs:fix": "php-cs-fixer fix -vvv --allow-risky=yes --ansi",
-        "phpstan": "phpstan analyse -l max -c phpstan.neon src --memory-limit=256M --ansi",
+        "phpstan": "phpstan analyse -c phpstan.neon --ansi --memory-limit=192M",
         "phpunit": "XDEBUG_MODE=coverage phpunit --coverage-text",
+        "phpunit:min": "phpunit --no-coverage",
         "test": [
             "@phpunit",
             "@phpstan",
diff --git a/phpstan.neon b/phpstan.neon
index caa678b..19ea5e3 100644
--- a/phpstan.neon
+++ b/phpstan.neon
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ includes:
   - vendor/phpstan/phpstan-phpunit/extension.neon
   - vendor/phpstan/phpstan-phpunit/rules.neon
 parameters:
+  level: max
+  paths:
+    - src
   ignoreErrors:
     - message: '#has no value type specified in iterable type array.#'
       path: src/Rules.php
@@ -12,4 +15,5 @@ parameters:
       path: src/Rules.php
     - message: '#Variable \$line on left side of \?\? always exists and is not nullable.#'
       path: src/Rules.php
+    - '#^Parameter \#1 \$callback of function set_error_handler expects#'
   reportUnmatchedIgnoredErrors: true
diff --git a/src/Domain.php b/src/Domain.php
index 358ebdc..39fb020 100644
--- a/src/Domain.php
+++ b/src/Domain.php
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@
 
 use Iterator;
 use Stringable;
+
+use function is_bool;
+
 use const FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
 use const FILTER_VALIDATE_IP;
 
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ public function label(int $key): ?string
     /**
      * @return list<int>
      */
-    public function keys(string $label = null): array
+    public function keys(?string $label = null): array
     {
         return $this->registeredName->keys($label);
     }
@@ -155,8 +158,52 @@ public function clear(): self
     /**
      * @throws CannotProcessHost
      */
-    public function slice(int $offset, int $length = null): self
+    public function slice(int $offset, ?int $length = null): self
     {
         return $this->newInstance($this->registeredName->slice($offset, $length));
     }
+
+    public function withRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        if ('' === $this->label(0)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        return $this->append('');
+    }
+
+    public function withoutRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        if ('' === $this->label(0)) {
+            return $this->slice(1);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function isAbsolute(): bool
+    {
+        return '' === $this->label(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the callback if the given "condition" is (or resolves to) true.
+     *
+     * @param (callable($this): bool)|bool $condition
+     * @param callable($this): (self|null) $onSuccess
+     * @param ?callable($this): (self|null) $onFail
+     *
+     */
+    public function when(callable|bool $condition, callable $onSuccess, ?callable $onFail = null): self
+    {
+        if (!is_bool($condition)) {
+            $condition = $condition($this);
+        }
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $condition => $onSuccess($this),
+            null !== $onFail => $onFail($this),
+            default => $this,
+        } ?? $this;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/DomainName.php b/src/DomainName.php
index c4a4aaf..fd6e3b9 100644
--- a/src/DomainName.php
+++ b/src/DomainName.php
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ public function labels(): array;
      *
      * @return list<int>
      */
-    public function keys(string $label = null): array;
+    public function keys(?string $label = null): array;
 
     /**
      * The external iterator iterates over the DomainInterface labels
@@ -119,5 +119,5 @@ public function clear(): self;
      *
      * If $length is null it returns all elements from $offset to the end of the Domain.
      */
-    public function slice(int $offset, int $length = null): self;
+    public function slice(int $offset, ?int $length = null): self;
 }
diff --git a/src/DomainTest.php b/src/DomainTest.php
index 3ea5315..da13679 100644
--- a/src/DomainTest.php
+++ b/src/DomainTest.php
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use stdClass;
-use TypeError;
 
 final class DomainTest extends TestCase
 {
@@ -168,14 +166,14 @@ public static function toUnicodeProvider(): iterable
     public function testToAscii(
         ?string $domain,
         ?string $expectedDomain,
-        ?string $expectedAsciiDomain
+        ?string $expectedIDNDomain
     ): void {
         $domain = Domain::fromIDNA2008($domain);
         self::assertSame($expectedDomain, $domain->value());
 
         /** @var Domain $domainIDN */
         $domainIDN = $domain->toAscii();
-        self::assertSame($expectedAsciiDomain, $domainIDN->value());
+        self::assertSame($expectedIDNDomain, $domainIDN->value());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -290,12 +288,6 @@ public static function withLabelWorksProvider(): iterable
         ];
     }
 
-    public function testWithLabelFailsWithTypeError(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-        Domain::fromIDNA2008('example.com')->withLabel(1, new stdClass()); /* @phpstan-ignore-line */
-    }
-
     public function testWithLabelFailsWithInvalidKey(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(SyntaxError::class);
diff --git a/src/Host.php b/src/Host.php
index 87945e9..6b4de6b 100644
--- a/src/Host.php
+++ b/src/Host.php
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@
  * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5
  * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123#section-2.1
  * @see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5890
+ *
+ * @method bool isAbsolute() tells whether the domain is absolute or not.
+ * @method static withRootLabel() returns an instance with its Root label. (see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2)
+ * @method static withoutRootLabel() returns an instance without its Root label. (see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2)
+ * @method static when(callable|bool $condition, callable $onSuccess, ?callable $onFail = null) apply the callback if the given "condition" is (or resolves to) true.
  */
 interface Host extends Countable, JsonSerializable
 {
diff --git a/src/Idna.php b/src/Idna.php
index cf33ca0..f09f72a 100644
--- a/src/Idna.php
+++ b/src/Idna.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 namespace Pdp;
 
 use UnexpectedValueException;
+
 use function defined;
 use function function_exists;
 use function idn_to_ascii;
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@
 use function preg_match;
 use function rawurldecode;
 use function strtolower;
+
 use const INTL_IDNA_VARIANT_UTS46;
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/IdnaInfo.php b/src/IdnaInfo.php
index 5724c6f..7afd6b2 100644
--- a/src/IdnaInfo.php
+++ b/src/IdnaInfo.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 namespace Pdp;
 
 use function array_filter;
+
 use const ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY;
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/IdnaInfoTest.php b/src/IdnaInfoTest.php
index cd2fcde..1ecd93b 100644
--- a/src/IdnaInfoTest.php
+++ b/src/IdnaInfoTest.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 namespace Pdp;
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
 use function var_export;
 
 final class IdnaInfoTest extends TestCase
diff --git a/src/PublicSuffixList.php b/src/PublicSuffixList.php
index b63b64c..ecbd75a 100644
--- a/src/PublicSuffixList.php
+++ b/src/PublicSuffixList.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ interface PublicSuffixList extends DomainNameResolver
     /**
      * Returns PSL info for a given domain against the PSL rules for cookie domain detection.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           if the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError if the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain if the effective TLD can not be resolved
      */
     public function getCookieDomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public function getCookieDomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
     /**
      * Returns PSL info for a given domain against the PSL rules for ICANN domain detection.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           if the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError if the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain if the domain does not contain a ICANN Effective TLD
      */
     public function getICANNDomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public function getICANNDomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
     /**
      * Returns PSL info for a given domain against the PSL rules for private domain detection.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           if the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError if the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain if the domain does not contain a private Effective TLD
      */
     public function getPrivateDomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
diff --git a/src/RegisteredName.php b/src/RegisteredName.php
index 4350932..4a08b41 100644
--- a/src/RegisteredName.php
+++ b/src/RegisteredName.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use Iterator;
 use Stringable;
+
 use function array_count_values;
 use function array_keys;
 use function array_reverse;
@@ -15,10 +16,12 @@
 use function filter_var;
 use function implode;
 use function in_array;
+use function is_bool;
 use function ksort;
 use function preg_match;
 use function rawurldecode;
 use function strtolower;
+
 use const FILTER_FLAG_IPV4;
 use const FILTER_VALIDATE_IP;
 
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ public function label(int $key): ?string
     /**
      * @return list<int>
      */
-    public function keys(string $label = null): array
+    public function keys(?string $label = null): array
     {
         if (null === $label) {
             return array_keys($this->labels);
@@ -345,7 +348,7 @@ public function clear(): self
     /**
      * @throws CannotProcessHost
      */
-    public function slice(int $offset, int $length = null): self
+    public function slice(int $offset, ?int $length = null): self
     {
         $nbLabels = count($this->labels);
         if ($offset < - $nbLabels || $offset > $nbLabels) {
@@ -359,4 +362,48 @@ public function slice(int $offset, int $length = null): self
 
         return new self($this->type, [] === $labels ? null : implode('.', array_reverse($labels)));
     }
+
+    public function withRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        if ('' === $this->label(0)) {
+            return $this;
+        }
+
+        return $this->append('');
+    }
+
+    public function withoutRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        if ('' === $this->label(0)) {
+            return $this->slice(1);
+        }
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function isAbsolute(): bool
+    {
+        return '' === $this->label(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the callback if the given "condition" is (or resolves to) true.
+     *
+     * @param (callable($this): bool)|bool $condition
+     * @param callable($this): (self|null) $onSuccess
+     * @param ?callable($this): (self|null) $onFail
+     *
+     */
+    public function when(callable|bool $condition, callable $onSuccess, ?callable $onFail = null): self
+    {
+        if (!is_bool($condition)) {
+            $condition = $condition($this);
+        }
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $condition => $onSuccess($this),
+            null !== $onFail => $onFail($this),
+            default => $this,
+        } ?? $this;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/ResolvedDomain.php b/src/ResolvedDomain.php
index f4fb87c..d687146 100644
--- a/src/ResolvedDomain.php
+++ b/src/ResolvedDomain.php
@@ -5,21 +5,27 @@
 namespace Pdp;
 
 use Stringable;
+
 use function count;
+use function is_bool;
 
 final class ResolvedDomain implements ResolvedDomainName
 {
+    private readonly DomainName $domain;
     private readonly DomainName $secondLevelDomain;
     private readonly DomainName $registrableDomain;
     private readonly DomainName $subDomain;
+    private readonly EffectiveTopLevelDomain $suffix;
 
     /**
      * @throws CannotProcessHost
      */
     private function __construct(
-        private readonly DomainName $domain,
-        private readonly EffectiveTopLevelDomain $suffix
+        DomainName $domain,
+        EffectiveTopLevelDomain $suffix
     ) {
+        $this->domain = $domain;
+        $this->suffix = $suffix;
         [
             'registrableDomain' => $this->registrableDomain,
             'secondLevelDomain' => $this->secondLevelDomain,
@@ -34,7 +40,7 @@ public static function fromICANN(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|n
     {
         $domain = self::setDomainName($domain);
 
-        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromICANN($domain->slice(0, $suffixLength)));
+        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromICANN($domain->withoutRootLabel()->slice(0, $suffixLength)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@ public static function fromPrivate(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int
     {
         $domain = self::setDomainName($domain);
 
-        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromPrivate($domain->slice(0, $suffixLength)));
+        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromPrivate($domain->withoutRootLabel()->slice(0, $suffixLength)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -54,7 +60,7 @@ public static function fromIANA(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|nu
     {
         $domain = self::setDomainName($domain);
 
-        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromIANA($domain->label(0)));
+        return new self($domain, Suffix::fromIANA($domain->withoutRootLabel()->label(0)));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -118,11 +124,15 @@ private function parse(): array
         }
 
         $length = count($this->suffix);
+        $offset = 0;
+        if ($this->domain->isAbsolute()) {
+            $offset = 1;
+        }
 
         return [
-            'registrableDomain' => $this->domain->slice(0, $length + 1),
-            'secondLevelDomain' => $this->domain->slice($length, 1),
-            'subDomain' => RegisteredName::fromIDNA2008($this->domain->value())->slice($length + 1),
+            'registrableDomain' => $this->domain->slice($offset, $length + 1),
+            'secondLevelDomain' => $this->domain->slice($length + $offset, 1),
+            'subDomain' => RegisteredName::fromIDNA2008($this->domain->value())->slice($length + 1 + $offset),
         ];
     }
 
@@ -181,6 +191,21 @@ public function toUnicode(): self
         return new self($this->domain->toUnicode(), $this->suffix->toUnicode());
     }
 
+    public function isAbsolute(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->domain->isAbsolute();
+    }
+
+    public function withoutRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        return new self($this->domain->withoutRootLabel(), $this->suffix);
+    }
+
+    public function withRootLabel(): self
+    {
+        return new self($this->domain->withRootLabel(), $this->suffix);
+    }
+
     /**
      * @throws CannotProcessHost
      */
@@ -190,8 +215,10 @@ public function withSuffix(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $s
             $suffix = Suffix::fromUnknown($suffix);
         }
 
+        $domain = $this->domain->withoutRootLabel()->slice(count($this->suffix))->append($suffix);
+
         return new self(
-            $this->domain->slice(count($this->suffix))->append($suffix),
+            $domain->when($this->domain->isAbsolute(), fn (DomainName $domainName) => $domain->withRootLabel()),
             $suffix->normalize($this->domain)
         );
     }
@@ -206,11 +233,20 @@ public function withSubDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null
         }
 
         $subDomain = RegisteredName::fromIDNA2008($subDomain);
+        if ($subDomain->isAbsolute()) {
+            $subDomain = $subDomain->withoutRootLabel();
+            if (null === $subDomain->value()) {
+                throw SyntaxError::dueToMalformedValue($subDomain->withRootLabel()->toString());
+            }
+        }
+
         if ($this->subDomain->value() === $subDomain->value()) {
             return $this;
         }
 
-        return new self($this->registrableDomain->prepend($subDomain), $this->suffix);
+        $domain = $this->registrableDomain->prepend($subDomain);
+
+        return new self($domain->when($this->domain->isAbsolute(), fn (DomainName $domainName) => $domain->withRootLabel()), $this->suffix);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -223,6 +259,13 @@ public function withSecondLevelDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|
         }
 
         $label = RegisteredName::fromIDNA2008($label);
+        if ($label->isAbsolute()) {
+            if (2 !== count($label)) {
+                throw UnableToResolveDomain::dueToInvalidSecondLevelDomain($label);
+            }
+            $label = $label->withoutRootLabel();
+        }
+
         if (1 !== count($label)) {
             throw UnableToResolveDomain::dueToInvalidSecondLevelDomain($label);
         }
@@ -234,4 +277,25 @@ public function withSecondLevelDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|
 
         return new self($newRegistrableDomain->prepend($this->subDomain), $this->suffix);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the callback if the given "condition" is (or resolves to) true.
+     *
+     * @param (callable($this): bool)|bool $condition
+     * @param callable($this): (self|null) $onSuccess
+     * @param ?callable($this): (self|null) $onFail
+     *
+     */
+    public function when(callable|bool $condition, callable $onSuccess, ?callable $onFail = null): self
+    {
+        if (!is_bool($condition)) {
+            $condition = $condition($this);
+        }
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $condition => $onSuccess($this),
+            null !== $onFail => $onFail($this),
+            default => $this,
+        } ?? $this;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/ResolvedDomainTest.php b/src/ResolvedDomainTest.php
index e6f15f2..5f22839 100644
--- a/src/ResolvedDomainTest.php
+++ b/src/ResolvedDomainTest.php
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use TypeError;
-use function date_create;
 
 final class ResolvedDomainTest extends TestCase
 {
@@ -173,8 +171,8 @@ public function testItCanBeConvertedToAscii(
         ?string $publicSuffix,
         ?string $expectedDomain,
         ?string $expectedSuffix,
-        ?string $expectedAsciiDomain,
-        ?string $expectedAsciiSuffix
+        ?string $expectedIDNDomain,
+        ?string $expectedIDNSuffix
     ): void {
         $domain = ResolvedDomain::fromUnknown(Domain::fromIDNA2003($domain), count(Domain::fromIDNA2003($publicSuffix)));
         self::assertSame($expectedDomain, $domain->value());
@@ -182,8 +180,8 @@ public function testItCanBeConvertedToAscii(
 
         /** @var ResolvedDomain $domainIDN */
         $domainIDN = $domain->toAscii();
-        self::assertSame($expectedAsciiDomain, $domainIDN->value());
-        self::assertSame($expectedAsciiSuffix, $domainIDN->suffix()->value());
+        self::assertSame($expectedIDNDomain, $domainIDN->value());
+        self::assertSame($expectedIDNSuffix, $domainIDN->suffix()->value());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -236,7 +234,7 @@ public static function toAsciiProvider(): iterable
     }
 
     #[DataProvider('withSubDomainWorksProvider')]
-    public function testItCanHaveItsSubDomainChanged(ResolvedDomain $domain, DomainName|string|null $subdomain, string $expected = null): void
+    public function testItCanHaveItsSubDomainChanged(ResolvedDomain $domain, DomainName|string|null $subdomain, ?string $expected = null): void
     {
         $result = $domain->withSubDomain($subdomain);
 
@@ -300,13 +298,6 @@ public function testItCanThrowsDuringSubDomainChangesIfTheSubDomainIsTheEmptyStr
         ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('www.example.com', 1)->withSubDomain('');
     }
 
-    public function testItCanThrowsDuringSubDomainChangesIfTheSubDomainIsNotStringable(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-
-        ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('www.example.com', 1)->withSubDomain(date_create()); /* @phpstan-ignore-line */
-    }
-
     #[DataProvider('withPublicSuffixWorksProvider')]
     public function testItCanChangeItsSuffix(
         ResolvedDomain $domain,
@@ -331,6 +322,7 @@ public function testItCanChangeItsSuffix(
     public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
     {
         $baseDomain = ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('example.com', 1);
+        $baseRootDomain = ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('example.com.', 1);
 
         return [
             'simple update (1)' => [
@@ -341,6 +333,14 @@ public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'isICANN' => false,
                 'isPrivate' => false,
             ],
+            'simple update with root-label (1)' => [
+                'domain' => $baseRootDomain,
+                'publicSuffix' => 'be',
+                'expected' => 'be',
+                'isKnown' => false,
+                'isICANN' => false,
+                'isPrivate' => false,
+            ],
             'simple update (2)' => [
                 'domain' => $baseDomain,
                 'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromPrivate('github.io'),
@@ -349,6 +349,14 @@ public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'isICANN' => false,
                 'isPrivate' => true,
             ],
+            'simple update with root-label (2)' => [
+                'domain' => $baseRootDomain,
+                'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromPrivate('github.io'),
+                'expected' => 'github.io',
+                'isKnown' => true,
+                'isICANN' => false,
+                'isPrivate' => true,
+            ],
             'same public suffix but PSL info is changed' => [
                 'domain' => $baseDomain,
                 'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromPrivate('com'),
@@ -357,6 +365,14 @@ public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'isICANN' => false,
                 'isPrivate' => true,
             ],
+            'same public suffix but PSL info is changed with root domain' => [
+                'domain' => $baseRootDomain,
+                'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromPrivate('com'),
+                'expected' => 'com',
+                'isKnown' => true,
+                'isICANN' => false,
+                'isPrivate' => true,
+            ],
             'same public suffix but PSL info does not changed' => [
                 'domain' => $baseDomain,
                 'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromICANN('com'),
@@ -381,6 +397,14 @@ public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'isICANN' => true,
                 'isPrivate' => false,
             ],
+            'simple update IDN (2) with root domains' => [
+                'domain' => ResolvedDomain::fromICANN(Domain::fromIDNA2003('www.bébé.be.'), 1),
+                'publicSuffix' => Suffix::fromICANN(Domain::fromIDNA2003('xn--p1ai')),
+                'expected' => 'рф',
+                'isKnown' => true,
+                'isICANN' => true,
+                'isPrivate' => false,
+            ],
             'adding the public suffix to a single label domain' => [
                 'domain' => ResolvedDomain::fromUnknown('localhost'),
                 'publicSuffix' => 'www',
@@ -397,7 +421,7 @@ public static function withPublicSuffixWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'isICANN' => false,
                 'isPrivate' => false,
             ],
-            'with custom IDNA domain options' =>[
+            'with custom IDNA domain options' => [
                 'domain' => ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('www.bébé.be', 1),
                 'publicSuffix' => null,
                 'expected' => null,
@@ -509,6 +533,13 @@ public static function withSldWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'expectedSld' => 'www',
                 'expectedHost' => 'www.com',
             ],
+            [
+                'host' => 'example.com',
+                'publicSuffix' => 'com',
+                'sld' => 'www.',
+                'expectedSld' => 'www',
+                'expectedHost' => 'www.com',
+            ],
             [
                 'host' => 'www.example.com',
                 'publicSuffix' => 'com',
@@ -523,6 +554,13 @@ public static function withSldWorksProvider(): iterable
                 'expectedSld' => 'hamburger',
                 'expectedHost' => 'www.hamburger.co.uk',
             ],
+            [
+                'host' => 'www.bbc.co.uk',
+                'publicSuffix' => 'co.uk',
+                'sld' => 'hamburger.',
+                'expectedSld' => 'hamburger',
+                'expectedHost' => 'www.hamburger.co.uk',
+            ],
         ];
     }
 
@@ -533,6 +571,20 @@ public function testItCanNotAppendAnEmptySLD(): void
         ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('private.ulb.ac.be', 2)->withSecondLevelDomain(null);
     }
 
+    public function testItCanNotAppendAnEmptyRootLabelSLD(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(SyntaxError::class);
+
+        ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('private.ulb.ac.be', 2)->withSecondLevelDomain('.');
+    }
+
+    public function testItCanNotAppendAnInvalidRootLabelSLD(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(UnableToResolveDomain::class);
+
+        ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('private.ulb.ac.be', 2)->withSecondLevelDomain('toto.foo.');
+    }
+
     public function testItCanNotAppendASLDToAResolvedDomainWithoutSuffix(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(UnableToResolveDomain::class);
@@ -547,6 +599,13 @@ public function testItCanNotAppendAnInvalidSLDToAResolvedDomain(): void
         ResolvedDomain::fromIANA('private.ulb.ac.be')->withSecondLevelDomain('foo.bar');
     }
 
+    public function testItCanNotAppendAnInvalidSubDomainToAResolvedDomain(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(SyntaxError::class);
+
+        ResolvedDomain::fromIANA('private.ulb.ac.be')->withSubDomain('');
+    }
+
     public function testItReturnsTheInstanceWhenTheSLDIsEqual(): void
     {
         $domain = ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('private.ulb.ac.be', 2);
@@ -569,4 +628,19 @@ public function testSuffixCanHandleIpLikeValue(): void
             ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('cloudflare-dns.com.1.1.1.1', 4)->toString()
         );
     }
+
+    public function testWithAndWithoutRootLabelResult(): void
+    {
+        $withoutRootLabelResult = ResolvedDomain::fromICANN('cloudflare-dns.com', 1);
+        $withRootLabelResult = $withoutRootLabelResult->withRootLabel();
+
+        self::assertTrue($withRootLabelResult->isAbsolute());
+        self::assertFalse($withoutRootLabelResult->isAbsolute());
+        self::assertEquals($withoutRootLabelResult, $withRootLabelResult->withoutRootLabel());
+        self::assertSame($withoutRootLabelResult->suffix()->value(), $withRootLabelResult->suffix()->value());
+        self::assertSame($withoutRootLabelResult->subDomain()->value(), $withRootLabelResult->subDomain()->value());
+        self::assertSame($withoutRootLabelResult->registrableDomain()->value(), $withRootLabelResult->registrableDomain()->value());
+        self::assertSame($withoutRootLabelResult->secondLevelDomain()->value(), $withRootLabelResult->secondLevelDomain()->value());
+        self::assertNotSame($withoutRootLabelResult->domain()->value(), $withRootLabelResult->domain()->value());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Rules.php b/src/Rules.php
index 6c26b49..edee031 100644
--- a/src/Rules.php
+++ b/src/Rules.php
@@ -7,8 +7,11 @@
 use SplFileObject;
 use SplTempFileObject;
 use Stringable;
+
+use function array_key_exists;
 use function array_pop;
 use function explode;
+use function in_array;
 use function preg_match;
 use function substr;
 
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ final class Rules implements PublicSuffixList
     private const ICANN_DOMAINS = 'ICANN_DOMAINS';
     private const PRIVATE_DOMAINS = 'PRIVATE_DOMAINS';
     private const UNKNOWN_DOMAINS = 'UNKNOWN_DOMAINS';
-
+    private const DOMAIN_RULE_MARKER = '?';
     private const REGEX_PSL_SECTION = ',^// ===(?<point>BEGIN|END) (?<type>ICANN|PRIVATE) DOMAINS===,';
     private const PSL_SECTION = [
         'ICANN' => [
@@ -42,7 +45,7 @@ private function __construct(private readonly array $rules)
      *
      * @param null|resource $context
      *
-     * @throws UnableToLoadResource         If the rules can not be loaded from the path
+     * @throws UnableToLoadResource If the rules can not be loaded from the path
      * @throws UnableToLoadPublicSuffixList If the rules contain in the resource are invalid
      */
     public static function fromPath(string $path, $context = null): self
@@ -101,11 +104,10 @@ private static function getSection(string $section, string $line): string
      * This method is based heavily on the code found in generateEffectiveTLDs.php
      *
      * @see https://github.com/usrflo/registered-domain-libs/blob/master/generateEffectiveTLDs.php
-     * A copy of the Apache License, Version 2.0, is provided with this
-     * distribution
+     * A copy of the Apache License, Version 2.0, is provided with this distribution
      *
-     * @param array<array>  $list      Initially an empty array, this eventually becomes the array representation of a
-     *                                 Public Suffix List section
+     * @param array<array> $list Initially an empty array, this eventually becomes the array representation of a
+     *                           Public Suffix List section
      * @param array<string> $ruleParts One line (rule) from the Public Suffix List exploded on '.', or the remaining
      *                                 portion of that array during recursion
      *
@@ -133,11 +135,16 @@ private static function addRule(array $list, array $ruleParts): array
             $isDomain = false;
         }
 
-        $list[$rule] = $list[$rule] ?? ($isDomain ? [] : ['!' => '']);
+        if (isset($list[$rule]) && [] === $list[$rule]) {
+            $list[$rule] = [self::DOMAIN_RULE_MARKER => ''];
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($list[$rule])) {
+            $list[$rule] = $isDomain ? [] : ['!' => ''];
+        }
+
         if ($isDomain && [] !== $ruleParts) {
-            /** @var array<array-key, array> $tmpList */
-            $tmpList = $list[$rule];
-            $list[$rule] = self::addRule($tmpList, $ruleParts);
+            $list[$rule] = self::addRule($list[$rule], $ruleParts);
         }
 
         return $list;
@@ -151,10 +158,7 @@ public static function __set_state(array $properties): self
         return new self($properties['rules']);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host a type that supports instantiating a Domain from.
-     */
-    public function resolve($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function resolve(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         try {
             return $this->getCookieDomain($host);
@@ -165,13 +169,10 @@ public function resolve($host): ResolvedDomainName
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host the domain value
-     */
-    public function getCookieDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function getCookieDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         $domain = $this->validateDomain($host);
-        [$suffixLength, $section] = $this->resolveSuffix($domain, self::UNKNOWN_DOMAINS);
+        [$suffixLength, $section] = $this->resolveSuffix($domain->withoutRootLabel(), self::UNKNOWN_DOMAINS);
 
         return match (true) {
             self::ICANN_DOMAINS === $section => ResolvedDomain::fromICANN($domain, $suffixLength),
@@ -180,10 +181,7 @@ public function getCookieDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
         };
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host a type that supports instantiating a Domain from.
-     */
-    public function getICANNDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function getICANNDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         $domain = $this->validateDomain($host);
         [$suffixLength, $section] = $this->resolveSuffix($domain, self::ICANN_DOMAINS);
@@ -194,10 +192,7 @@ public function getICANNDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
         return ResolvedDomain::fromICANN($domain, $suffixLength);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host a type that supports instantiating a Domain from.
-     */
-    public function getPrivateDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function getPrivateDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         $domain = $this->validateDomain($host);
         [$suffixLength, $section] = $this->resolveSuffix($domain, self::PRIVATE_DOMAINS);
@@ -211,10 +206,10 @@ public function getPrivateDomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
     /**
      * Assert the domain is valid and is resolvable.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           If the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError If the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain If the domain can not be resolved
      */
-    private function validateDomain(int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $domain): DomainName
+    private function validateDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $domain): DomainName
     {
         if ($domain instanceof DomainNameProvider) {
             $domain = $domain->domain();
@@ -224,10 +219,6 @@ private function validateDomain(int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|nu
             $domain = Domain::fromIDNA2008($domain);
         }
 
-        if ('' === $domain->label(0)) {
-            throw UnableToResolveDomain::dueToUnresolvableDomain($domain);
-        }
-
         return $domain;
     }
 
@@ -267,22 +258,33 @@ private function getPublicSuffixLengthFromSection(DomainName $domain, string $se
         foreach ($domain->toAscii() as $label) {
             //match exception rule
             if (isset($rules[$label]['!'])) {
-                break;
+                return $labelCount;
             }
 
             //match wildcard rule
             if (array_key_exists('*', $rules)) {
                 ++$labelCount;
-                break;
+
+                return $labelCount;
             }
 
             //no match found
             if (!array_key_exists($label, $rules)) {
+                if (self::PRIVATE_DOMAINS !== $section) {
+                    return $labelCount;
+                }
+
+                // Suffix MATCHES default domain
+                if (array_key_exists(self::DOMAIN_RULE_MARKER, $rules)) {
+                    return $labelCount;
+                }
+
                 // Suffix MUST be fully matched else no suffix is found for private domain
-                if (self::PRIVATE_DOMAINS === $section && self::hasRemainingRules($rules)) {
-                    $labelCount = 0;
+                if (self::hasRemainingRules($rules)) {
+                    return 0;
                 }
-                break;
+
+                return $labelCount;
             }
 
             ++$labelCount;
diff --git a/src/RulesTest.php b/src/RulesTest.php
index b8e4838..2b0bda9 100644
--- a/src/RulesTest.php
+++ b/src/RulesTest.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
-use TypeError;
+
 use function array_fill;
 use function dirname;
 use function file_get_contents;
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
     public function testCreateFromPath(): void
     {
         $context = stream_context_create([
-            'http'=> [
+            'http' => [
                 'method' => 'GET',
                 'header' => "Accept-language: en\r\nCookie: foo=bar\r\n",
             ],
@@ -66,13 +66,6 @@ public function testNullWillReturnNullDomain(): void
         self::assertFalse($domain->suffix()->isKnown());
     }
 
-    public function testThrowsTypeErrorOnWrongInput(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-
-        self::$rules->resolve(date_create());  /* @phpstan-ignore-line */
-    }
-
     public function testIsSuffixValidFalse(): void
     {
         $domain = self::$rules->resolve('www.example.faketld');
@@ -129,10 +122,10 @@ public function testWithAbsoluteHostInvalid(): void
         $domain = self::$rules->resolve('private.ulb.ac.be.');
 
         self::assertSame('private.ulb.ac.be.', $domain->value());
-        self::assertFalse($domain->suffix()->isKnown());
-        self::assertFalse($domain->suffix()->isICANN());
+        self::assertTrue($domain->suffix()->isKnown());
+        self::assertTrue($domain->suffix()->isICANN());
         self::assertFalse($domain->suffix()->isPrivate());
-        self::assertNull($domain->suffix()->value());
+        self::assertSame('ac.be', $domain->suffix()->value());
     }
 
     public function testWithICANNDomainInvalid(): void
@@ -572,4 +565,39 @@ public function testWithMultiLevelPrivateDomain(): void
         self::assertTrue($domain->suffix()->isPrivate());
         self::assertSame('lt.eu.org', $domain->suffix()->value());
     }
+
+    #[DataProvider('privateDomainWithWildcardProvider')]
+    public function testWithPrivateDomainThatHasWildcardSubdomain(string $inputDomain, string $expectedSuffix): void
+    {
+        $domain = self::$rules->getPrivateDomain($inputDomain);
+
+        self::assertSame($expectedSuffix, $domain->suffix()->value());
+        self::assertFalse($domain->suffix()->isICANN());
+        self::assertTrue($domain->suffix()->isPrivate());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<string, array{inputDomain: string, expectedSuffix: string}>
+     */
+    public static function privateDomainWithWildcardProvider(): iterable
+    {
+        return [
+            'appspot subdomain' => [
+                'inputDomain' => 'test-domain.de.r.appspot.com',
+                'expectedSuffix' => 'de.r.appspot.com',
+            ],
+            'appspot root domain' => [
+                'inputDomain' => 'test-domain.appspot.com',
+                'expectedSuffix' => 'appspot.com',
+            ],
+            'qcx subdomain' => [
+                'inputDomain' => 'test-domain.de.sys.qcx.io',
+                'expectedSuffix' => 'de.sys.qcx.io',
+            ],
+            'qcx root domain' => [
+                'inputDomain' => 'test-domain.qcx.io',
+                'expectedSuffix' => 'qcx.io',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache.php b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache.php
index b8753af..676c164 100644
--- a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache.php
+++ b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache.php
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheInterface;
 use Stringable;
 use Throwable;
+
 use function md5;
 use function strtolower;
 
diff --git a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16CacheTest.php b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16CacheTest.php
index 18b0cf3..686294b 100644
--- a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16CacheTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr16CacheTest.php
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Pdp\Rules;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Runner\ErrorHandler;
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheException;
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheInterface;
 use RuntimeException;
+
 use function dirname;
 
 final class PublicSuffixListPsr16CacheTest extends TestCase
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantStoreAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
 
     public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantCacheAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
     {
-        $exception = new class('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException implements CacheException {
+        $exception = new class ('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException implements CacheException {
         };
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         $cache->method('set')->will(self::throwException($exception));
@@ -93,13 +95,13 @@ public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantCacheAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
 
     public function testItWillThrowIfItCantCacheAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
     {
-        $exception = new class('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException {
+        $exception = new class ('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException {
         };
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         $cache->method('set')->will(self::throwException($exception));
 
         $psl = Rules::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/public_suffix_list.dat');
-        $pslCache = new PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache($cache, 'pdp_', new class() {
+        $pslCache = new PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache($cache, 'pdp_', new class () {
             public function __toString(): string
             {
                 return '1 DAY';
@@ -128,4 +130,38 @@ public function testItWillThrowIfTheTTLIsNotParsable(): void
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         new PublicSuffixListPsr16Cache($cache, 'pdp_', 'foobar');
     }
+
+    protected function restoreExceptionHandler(): void
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            $previousHandler = set_exception_handler(static fn () => null);
+            restore_exception_handler();
+            if (null === $previousHandler) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            restore_exception_handler();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function restoreErrorHandler(): void
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            $previousHandler = set_error_handler(static fn (int $errno, string $errstr, ?string $errfile = null, ?int $errline = null) => null);
+            restore_error_handler();
+            $isPhpUnitErrorHandler = ($previousHandler instanceof ErrorHandler);
+            if (null === $previousHandler || $isPhpUnitErrorHandler) {
+                break;
+            }
+            restore_error_handler();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        $this->restoreErrorHandler();
+        $this->restoreExceptionHandler();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr18ClientTest.php b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr18ClientTest.php
index 1117abb..eb4b237 100644
--- a/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr18ClientTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/PublicSuffixListPsr18ClientTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 use Psr\Http\Message\RequestFactoryInterface;
 use Psr\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
 use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
+
 use function dirname;
 use function file_get_contents;
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ final class PublicSuffixListPsr18ClientTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function testIsCanReturnAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 /** @var string $body */
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
@@ -45,14 +46,14 @@ public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
 
     public function testItWillThrowIfTheClientCanNotConnectToTheRemoteURI(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 throw new ConnectException('foobar', $request, null);
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
@@ -68,14 +69,14 @@ public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
 
     public function testItWillThrowIfTheReturnedStatusCodeIsNotOK(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 return new Response(404);
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
diff --git a/src/Storage/RulesStorageTest.php b/src/Storage/RulesStorageTest.php
index 723628e..8606ffe 100644
--- a/src/Storage/RulesStorageTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/RulesStorageTest.php
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
 use Pdp\PublicSuffixList;
 use Pdp\Rules;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
 use function dirname;
 
 final class RulesStorageTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function testIsCanReturnAPublicSuffixListInstanceFromCache(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements PublicSuffixListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements PublicSuffixListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return Rules::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/public_suffix_list.dat');
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements PublicSuffixListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements PublicSuffixListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return Rules::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/public_suffix_list.dat');
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ public function get(string $uri): PublicSuffixList
 
     public function testIsCanReturnAPublicSuffixListInstanceFromTheInnerStorage(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements PublicSuffixListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements PublicSuffixListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return null;
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements PublicSuffixListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements PublicSuffixListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return Rules::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/public_suffix_list.dat');
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ public function get(string $uri): PublicSuffixList
 
     public function testIsCanDeleteAPublicSuffixListInstanceFromTheInnerStorage(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements PublicSuffixListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements PublicSuffixListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return null;
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements PublicSuffixListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements PublicSuffixListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): PublicSuffixList
             {
                 return Rules::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/public_suffix_list.dat');
diff --git a/src/Storage/TimeToLive.php b/src/Storage/TimeToLive.php
index 3bbe04a..6d0289f 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TimeToLive.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TimeToLive.php
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Stringable;
 use Throwable;
+
 use function filter_var;
+
 use const FILTER_VALIDATE_INT;
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/Storage/TimeToLiveTest.php b/src/Storage/TimeToLiveTest.php
index 1604d3d..43d7bff 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TimeToLiveTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TimeToLiveTest.php
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ public function testItDoesNotReturnTheAbsoluteInterval(): void
         self::assertSame(0, TimeToLive::until($tomorrow)->invert);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @dataProvider validDurationString
-     */
+    #[DataProvider('validDurationString')]
     public function testItCanBeInstantiatedFromDurationInput(string $input, DateInterval $expected): void
     {
         $now = new DateTimeImmutable();
@@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ public static function validDurationInt(): iterable
         ];
 
         yield 'stringable object' => [
-            'input' => new class() {
+            'input' => new class () {
                 public function __toString(): string
                 {
                     return '2345';
diff --git a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16Cache.php b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16Cache.php
index e2b2c6b..2e76284 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16Cache.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16Cache.php
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheInterface;
 use Stringable;
 use Throwable;
+
 use function md5;
 use function strtolower;
 
diff --git a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16CacheTest.php b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16CacheTest.php
index 9d4275b..fc91144 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16CacheTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr16CacheTest.php
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 use Pdp\TopLevelDomains;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use PHPUnit\Runner\ErrorHandler;
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheException;
 use Psr\SimpleCache\CacheInterface;
 use RuntimeException;
+
 use function dirname;
 
 final class TopLevelDomainListPsr16CacheTest extends TestCase
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantStoreAPublicSuffixListInstance(): void
 
     public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantCacheATopLevelDomainListInstance(): void
     {
-        $exception = new class('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException implements CacheException {
+        $exception = new class ('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException implements CacheException {
         };
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         $cache->method('set')->will(self::throwException($exception));
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ public function testItReturnsFalseIfItCantCacheATopLevelDomainListInstance(): vo
 
     public function testItThrowsIfItCantCacheATopLevelDomainListInstance(): void
     {
-        $exception = new class('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException {
+        $exception = new class ('Something went wrong.', 0) extends RuntimeException {
         };
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         $cache->method('set')->will(self::throwException($exception));
@@ -125,4 +127,40 @@ public function testItWillThrowIfTheTTLIsNotParsable(): void
         $cache = self::createStub(CacheInterface::class);
         new TopLevelDomainListPsr16Cache($cache, 'pdp_', 'foobar');
     }
+
+
+
+    protected function restoreExceptionHandler(): void
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            $previousHandler = set_exception_handler(static fn () => null);
+            restore_exception_handler();
+            if (null === $previousHandler) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            restore_exception_handler();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function restoreErrorHandler(): void
+    {
+        while (true) {
+            $previousHandler = set_error_handler(static fn (int $errno, string $errstr, ?string $errfile = null, ?int $errline = null) => null);
+            restore_error_handler();
+            $isPhpUnitErrorHandler = ($previousHandler instanceof ErrorHandler);
+            if (null === $previousHandler || $isPhpUnitErrorHandler) {
+                break;
+            }
+            restore_error_handler();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        $this->restoreErrorHandler();
+        $this->restoreExceptionHandler();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr18ClientTest.php b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr18ClientTest.php
index 9f4b0b6..eb5a5b4 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr18ClientTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainListPsr18ClientTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 use Psr\Http\Message\RequestFactoryInterface;
 use Psr\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
 use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
+
 use function dirname;
 use function file_get_contents;
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ final class TopLevelDomainListPsr18ClientTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function testIsCanReturnARootZoneDatabaseInstance(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 /** @var string $body */
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
@@ -46,14 +47,14 @@ public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
 
     public function testItWillThrowIfTheClientCanNotConnectToTheRemoteURI(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 throw new ConnectException('foobar', $request, null);
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
@@ -69,14 +70,14 @@ public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
 
     public function testItWillThrowIfTheReturnedStatusCodeIsNotOK(): void
     {
-        $client = new class() implements ClientInterface {
+        $client = new class () implements ClientInterface {
             public function sendRequest(RequestInterface $request): ResponseInterface
             {
                 return new Response(404);
             }
         };
 
-        $requestFactory = new class() implements RequestFactoryInterface {
+        $requestFactory = new class () implements RequestFactoryInterface {
             public function createRequest(string $method, $uri): RequestInterface
             {
                 return new Request($method, $uri);
diff --git a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainsStorageTest.php b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainsStorageTest.php
index 0e299e9..2da00d1 100644
--- a/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainsStorageTest.php
+++ b/src/Storage/TopLevelDomainsStorageTest.php
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
 use Pdp\TopLevelDomainList;
 use Pdp\TopLevelDomains;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
 use function dirname;
 
 final class TopLevelDomainsStorageTest extends TestCase
 {
     public function testIsCanReturnARootZoneDatabaseInstanceFromCache(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return TopLevelDomains::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt');
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return TopLevelDomains::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt');
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ public function get(string $uri): TopLevelDomainList
 
     public function testIsCanReturnARootZoneDatabaseInstanceFromTheInnerStorage(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return null;
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return TopLevelDomains::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt');
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ public function get(string $uri): TopLevelDomainList
 
     public function testIsCanDeleteARootZoneDatabaseInstanceFromTheInnerStorage(): void
     {
-        $cache = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
+        $cache = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListCache {
             public function fetch(string $uri): ?TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return null;
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ public function forget(string $uri): bool
             }
         };
 
-        $client = new class() implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
+        $client = new class () implements TopLevelDomainListClient {
             public function get(string $uri): TopLevelDomainList
             {
                 return TopLevelDomains::fromPath(dirname(__DIR__, 2).'/test_data/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt');
diff --git a/src/Suffix.php b/src/Suffix.php
index da39728..6a4989d 100644
--- a/src/Suffix.php
+++ b/src/Suffix.php
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 namespace Pdp;
 
 use Stringable;
+
 use function count;
 use function in_array;
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ private static function setDomainName(int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringa
             $domain = RegisteredName::fromIDNA2008($domain);
         }
 
-        if ('' === $domain->label(0)) {
+        if ($domain->isAbsolute()) {
             throw SyntaxError::dueToInvalidSuffix($domain);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/SuffixTest.php b/src/SuffixTest.php
index b3e6d56..bf47266 100644
--- a/src/SuffixTest.php
+++ b/src/SuffixTest.php
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
 use function json_encode;
 
 final class SuffixTest extends TestCase
diff --git a/src/TopLevelDomainList.php b/src/TopLevelDomainList.php
index 51e9b0f..1ca3eb5 100644
--- a/src/TopLevelDomainList.php
+++ b/src/TopLevelDomainList.php
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public function version(): string;
      */
     public function lastUpdated(): DateTimeImmutable;
 
-    
+
     public function count(): int;
 
     /**
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public function getIterator(): Iterator;
     /**
      * Returns PSL info for a given domain against the PSL rules for ICANN domain detection.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           if the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError if the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain if the domain does not contain a IANA Effective TLD
      */
     public function getIANADomain(Host $host): ResolvedDomainName;
diff --git a/src/TopLevelDomains.php b/src/TopLevelDomains.php
index 8f956cf..98384c2 100644
--- a/src/TopLevelDomains.php
+++ b/src/TopLevelDomains.php
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 use SplFileObject;
 use SplTempFileObject;
 use Stringable;
+
 use function count;
-use function in_array;
 use function preg_match;
 use function trim;
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ private function __construct(
      *
      * @param null|resource $context
      *
-     * @throws UnableToLoadResource           If the rules can not be loaded from the path
+     * @throws UnableToLoadResource If the rules can not be loaded from the path
      * @throws UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList If the content is invalid or can not be correctly parsed and converted
      */
     public static function fromPath(string $path, $context = null): self
@@ -164,14 +164,11 @@ public function getIterator(): Iterator
         yield from array_keys($this->records);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host a type that supports instantiating a Domain from.
-     */
-    public function resolve($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function resolve(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         try {
             $domain = $this->validateDomain($host);
-            if ($this->containsTopLevelDomain($domain)) {
+            if ($this->containsTopLevelDomain($domain->withoutRootLabel())) {
                 return ResolvedDomain::fromIANA($domain);
             }
             return ResolvedDomain::fromUnknown($domain);
@@ -185,10 +182,10 @@ public function resolve($host): ResolvedDomainName
     /**
      * Assert the domain is valid and is resolvable.
      *
-     * @throws SyntaxError           If the domain is invalid
+     * @throws SyntaxError If the domain is invalid
      * @throws UnableToResolveDomain If the domain can not be resolved
      */
-    private function validateDomain(int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $domain): DomainName
+    private function validateDomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $domain): DomainName
     {
         if ($domain instanceof DomainNameProvider) {
             $domain = $domain->domain();
@@ -198,8 +195,7 @@ private function validateDomain(int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|nu
             $domain = Domain::fromIDNA2008($domain);
         }
 
-        $label = $domain->label(0);
-        if (in_array($label, [null, ''], true)) {
+        if (null === $domain->label(0)) {
             throw UnableToResolveDomain::dueToUnresolvableDomain($domain);
         }
 
@@ -211,13 +207,10 @@ private function containsTopLevelDomain(DomainName $domain): bool
         return isset($this->records[$domain->toAscii()->label(0)]);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @param int|DomainNameProvider|Host|string|Stringable|null $host a domain in a type that can be converted into a DomainInterface instance
-     */
-    public function getIANADomain($host): ResolvedDomainName
+    public function getIANADomain(DomainNameProvider|Host|Stringable|string|int|null $host): ResolvedDomainName
     {
         $domain = $this->validateDomain($host);
-        if (!$this->containsTopLevelDomain($domain)) {
+        if (!$this->containsTopLevelDomain($domain->withoutRootLabel())) {
             throw UnableToResolveDomain::dueToMissingSuffix($domain, 'IANA');
         }
 
diff --git a/src/TopLevelDomainsTest.php b/src/TopLevelDomainsTest.php
index ca86e11..e756c6c 100644
--- a/src/TopLevelDomainsTest.php
+++ b/src/TopLevelDomainsTest.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 use Stringable;
-use TypeError;
+
 use function dirname;
 
 final class TopLevelDomainsTest extends TestCase
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
     public function testCreateFromPath(): void
     {
         $context = stream_context_create([
-            'http'=> [
+            'http' => [
                 'method' => 'GET',
                 'header' => "Accept-language: en\r\nCookie: foo=bar\r\n",
             ],
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public static function validDomainProvider(): iterable
             'Unicode domain (1)' => ['الاعلى-للاتصالات.قطر'],
             'Unicode domain (2)' => ['кто.рф'],
             'Unicode domain (3)' => ['Deutsche.Vermögensberatung.vermögensberater'],
-            'object with __toString method' => [new class() {
+            'object with __toString method' => [new class () {
                 public function __toString(): string
                 {
                     return 'www.இந.இந்தியா';
@@ -186,13 +186,6 @@ public function __toString(): string
         ];
     }
 
-    public function testTopLevelDomainThrowsTypeError(): void
-    {
-        $this->expectException(TypeError::class);
-
-        self::$topLevelDomains->getIANADomain(new DateTimeImmutable()); /* @phpstan-ignore-line */
-    }
-
     public function testTopLevelDomainWithInvalidDomain(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(SyntaxError::class);
@@ -211,8 +204,8 @@ public function testResolveWithAbsoluteDomainName(): void
     {
         $result = self::$topLevelDomains->resolve('example.com.');
         self::assertSame('example.com.', $result->value());
-        self::assertFalse($result->suffix()->isIANA());
-        self::assertNull($result->suffix()->value());
+        self::assertTrue($result->suffix()->isIANA());
+        self::assertSame('com', $result->suffix()->value());
     }
 
     public function testTopLevelDomainWithUnResolvableDomain(): void
@@ -222,6 +215,13 @@ public function testTopLevelDomainWithUnResolvableDomain(): void
         self::$topLevelDomains->getIANADomain('localhost');
     }
 
+    public function testTopLevelDomainWithUnResolvableDomain2(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(UnableToResolveDomain::class);
+
+        self::$topLevelDomains->getIANADomain('localhost.');
+    }
+
     public function testResolveWithUnResolvableDomain(): void
     {
         $result = self::$topLevelDomains->resolve('localhost');
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ public static function validTldProvider(): iterable
             'Unicode TLD (3)' => ['рф'],
             'Unicode TLD (4)' => ['இந்தியா'],
             'Unicode TLD (5)' => ['vermögensberater'],
-            'object with __toString method' => [new class() {
+            'object with __toString method' => [new class () {
                 public function __toString(): string
                 {
                     return 'COM';
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ public static function invalidTldProvider(): iterable
             'invalid IDN to ASCII' => ['XN--TTT'],
             'invalid IDN to ASCII with leading dot' => ['.XN--TTT'],
             'null' => [null],
-            'object with __toString method' => [new class() {
+            'object with __toString method' => [new class () {
                 public function __toString(): string
                 {
                     return 'COMMM';
diff --git a/src/UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList.php b/src/UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList.php
index 94ed824..d2f4e93 100644
--- a/src/UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList.php
+++ b/src/UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList.php
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 final class UnableToLoadTopLevelDomainList extends InvalidArgumentException implements CannotProcessHost
 {
-    public static function dueToInvalidTopLevelDomain(string $content, Throwable $exception = null): self
+    public static function dueToInvalidTopLevelDomain(string $content, ?Throwable $exception = null): self
     {
         return new self('Invalid Top Level Domain: '.$content, 0, $exception);
     }