diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 4844cd37f..4234e3bc3 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
       BUNDLE_WITHOUT: development:test
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Setup Ruby 3.x
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ jobs:
             experimental: true
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index c667d8f48..25ea21dc0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
       id-token: write
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Setup Ruby 3.x
         uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
diff --git a/docs/adapters/custom/index.md b/docs/adapters/custom/index.md
index 179412281..c4cf54608 100644
--- a/docs/adapters/custom/index.md
+++ b/docs/adapters/custom/index.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Writing custom adapters
 
-!> A template for writing your own middleware is available in the [faraday-adapter-template](https://github.com/lostisland/faraday-adapter-template) repository.
+!> A template for writing your own custom adapter is available in the [faraday-adapter-template](https://github.com/lostisland/faraday-adapter-template) repository.
 
 Adapters have methods that can help you implement support for a new backend.
 
diff --git a/docs/middleware/included/raising-errors.md b/docs/middleware/included/raising-errors.md
index 65fff3af3..40d46522c 100644
--- a/docs/middleware/included/raising-errors.md
+++ b/docs/middleware/included/raising-errors.md
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ by the client. They raise error classes inheriting from `Faraday::ClientError`.
 | [407](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/407) | `Faraday::ProxyAuthError`           |
 | [408](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/408) | `Faraday::RequestTimeoutError`      |
 | [409](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/409) | `Faraday::ConflictError`            |
-| [422](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/422) | `Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError` |
+| [422](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/422) | `Faraday::UnprocessableContentError` |
 | [429](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/429) | `Faraday::TooManyRequestsError` |
 | 4xx (any other)                                                     | `Faraday::ClientError`              |
 
diff --git a/lib/faraday/encoders/flat_params_encoder.rb b/lib/faraday/encoders/flat_params_encoder.rb
index bc10c8b9a..7bbf9c438 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/encoders/flat_params_encoder.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/encoders/flat_params_encoder.rb
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ def self.decode(query)
 
       empty_accumulator = {}
 
-      split_query = (query.split('&').map do |pair|
+      split_query = query.split('&').filter_map do |pair|
         pair.split('=', 2) if pair && !pair.empty?
-      end).compact
+      end
       split_query.each_with_object(empty_accumulator.dup) do |pair, accu|
         pair[0] = unescape(pair[0])
         pair[1] = true if pair[1].nil?
diff --git a/lib/faraday/error.rb b/lib/faraday/error.rb
index 12ff15d77..791f8eefe 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/error.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/error.rb
@@ -155,9 +155,12 @@ class ConflictError < ClientError
   end
 
   # Raised by Faraday::Response::RaiseError in case of a 422 response.
-  class UnprocessableEntityError < ClientError
+  class UnprocessableContentError < ClientError
   end
 
+  # Used to provide compatibility with legacy error name.
+  UnprocessableEntityError = UnprocessableContentError
+
   # Raised by Faraday::Response::RaiseError in case of a 429 response.
   class TooManyRequestsError < ClientError
   end
diff --git a/lib/faraday/logging/formatter.rb b/lib/faraday/logging/formatter.rb
index 2fd4bb1da..c066b0fe3 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/logging/formatter.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/logging/formatter.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def dump_headers(headers)
 
       def dump_body(body)
         if body.respond_to?(:to_str)
-          body.to_str
+          body.to_str.encode(Encoding::UTF_8, undef: :replace, invalid: :replace)
         else
           pretty_inspect(body)
         end
diff --git a/lib/faraday/response.rb b/lib/faraday/response.rb
index d1fa9320d..738c8498d 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/response.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/response.rb
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ def body
       finished? ? env.body : nil
     end
 
+    def url
+      finished? ? env.url : nil
+    end
+
     def finished?
       !!env
     end
@@ -60,9 +64,9 @@ def success?
 
     def to_hash
       {
-        status: env.status, body: env.body,
-        response_headers: env.response_headers,
-        url: env.url
+        status: status, body: body,
+        response_headers: headers,
+        url: url
       }
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/faraday/response/raise_error.rb b/lib/faraday/response/raise_error.rb
index 0b543219b..48afd75a9 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/response/raise_error.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/response/raise_error.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RaiseError < Middleware
         404 => Faraday::ResourceNotFound,
         408 => Faraday::RequestTimeoutError,
         409 => Faraday::ConflictError,
-        422 => Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError,
+        422 => Faraday::UnprocessableContentError,
         429 => Faraday::TooManyRequestsError
       }.freeze
       # rubocop:enable Naming/ConstantName
diff --git a/lib/faraday/version.rb b/lib/faraday/version.rb
index 10205e427..65d8ad421 100644
--- a/lib/faraday/version.rb
+++ b/lib/faraday/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Faraday
-  VERSION = '2.13.4'
+  VERSION = '2.14.0'
 end
diff --git a/spec/faraday/response/logger_spec.rb b/spec/faraday/response/logger_spec.rb
index e8e0bf3f9..6f8e11ffc 100644
--- a/spec/faraday/response/logger_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/faraday/response/logger_spec.rb
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
         stubs.post('/ohai') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'fred'] }
         stubs.post('/ohyes') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'pebbles'] }
         stubs.get('/rubbles') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' }, rubbles] }
+        stubs.get('/8bit') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, (+'café!').force_encoding(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)] }
         stubs.get('/filtered_body') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'soylent green is people'] }
         stubs.get('/filtered_headers') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'headers response'] }
         stubs.get('/filtered_params') { [200, { 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' }, 'params response'] }
@@ -238,6 +239,11 @@ def response(_env)
       expect(string_io.string).to match(%(fred))
     end
 
+    it 'converts to UTF-8' do
+      conn.get '/8bit'
+      expect(string_io.string).to match(%(caf��!))
+    end
+
     after do
       described_class.default_options = { bodies: false }
     end
diff --git a/spec/faraday/response/raise_error_spec.rb b/spec/faraday/response/raise_error_spec.rb
index 18c2044a3..579912621 100644
--- a/spec/faraday/response/raise_error_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/faraday/response/raise_error_spec.rb
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
         stub.get('proxy-error') { [407, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('request-timeout') { [408, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('conflict') { [409, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
-        stub.get('unprocessable-entity') { [422, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
+        stub.get('unprocessable-content') { [422, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('too-many-requests') { [429, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('4xx') { [499, { 'X-Reason' => 'because' }, 'keep looking'] }
         stub.get('nil-status') { [nil, { 'X-Reason' => 'nil' }, 'fail'] }
@@ -103,9 +103,20 @@
     end
   end
 
-  it 'raises Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError for 422 responses' do
-    expect { conn.get('unprocessable-entity') }.to raise_error(Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError) do |ex|
-      expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 422 for GET http:/unprocessable-entity')
+  it 'raises legacy Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError for 422 responses' do
+    expect { conn.get('unprocessable-content') }.to raise_error(Faraday::UnprocessableEntityError) do |ex|
+      expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 422 for GET http:/unprocessable-content')
+      expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+      expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(422)
+      expect(ex.response_status).to eq(422)
+      expect(ex.response_body).to eq('keep looking')
+      expect(ex.response_headers['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
+    end
+  end
+
+  it 'raises Faraday::UnprocessableContentError for 422 responses' do
+    expect { conn.get('unprocessable-content') }.to raise_error(Faraday::UnprocessableContentError) do |ex|
+      expect(ex.message).to eq('the server responded with status 422 for GET http:/unprocessable-content')
       expect(ex.response[:headers]['X-Reason']).to eq('because')
       expect(ex.response[:status]).to eq(422)
       expect(ex.response_status).to eq(422)
diff --git a/spec/faraday/response_spec.rb b/spec/faraday/response_spec.rb
index e3e2c2378..2050da000 100644
--- a/spec/faraday/response_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/faraday/response_spec.rb
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
   it { expect(subject.success?).to be_falsey }
   it { expect(subject.status).to eq(404) }
   it { expect(subject.body).to eq('yikes') }
+  it { expect(subject.url).to eq(URI('https://lostisland.github.io/faraday')) }
   it { expect(subject.headers['Content-Type']).to eq('text/plain') }
   it { expect(subject['content-type']).to eq('text/plain') }
 
@@ -31,6 +32,12 @@
     it { expect(hash[:response_headers]).to eq(subject.headers) }
     it { expect(hash[:body]).to eq(subject.body) }
     it { expect(hash[:url]).to eq(subject.env.url) }
+
+    context 'when response is not finished' do
+      subject { Faraday::Response.new.to_hash }
+
+      it { is_expected.to eq({ status: nil, body: nil, response_headers: {}, url: nil }) }
+    end
   end
 
   describe 'marshal serialization support' do