diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index f81f3d27..d0fef7e8 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
           command: dockerize -wait tcp://localhost:5432 -timeout 1m
       - run:
           name: Database setup
-          command: bundle exec rake db:setup
+          command: RAILS_ENV=test bundle exec rake db:migrate
       - ruby/install-deps
       - ruby/rspec-test:
           include: spec/**/*_spec.rb
diff --git a/app/models/library_staff.rb b/app/models/library_staff.rb
index 3fdcf471..f200953b 100644
--- a/app/models/library_staff.rb
+++ b/app/models/library_staff.rb
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class LibraryStaff
 
   attr_reader :query_terms
 
-  def initialize(query_terms:, rom: Rails.application.config.rom)
+  def initialize(query_terms:, rom: ALLSEARCH_ROM)
     @query_terms = query_terms
     @rom = rom
   end
diff --git a/app/repositories/repository_factory.rb b/app/repositories/repository_factory.rb
index 3412524e..251cb325 100644
--- a/app/repositories/repository_factory.rb
+++ b/app/repositories/repository_factory.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ class RepositoryFactory
     define_singleton_method method_name do
       return instance_variable_get("@#{method_name}") if instance_variable_defined?("@#{method_name}")
 
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       instance_variable_set("@#{method_name}", new(rom).send(method_name))
     end
   end
diff --git a/app/services/csv_loading_service.rb b/app/services/csv_loading_service.rb
index e27ed776..0fb18621 100644
--- a/app/services/csv_loading_service.rb
+++ b/app/services/csv_loading_service.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class CSVLoadingService
   # rom_container: ALLSEARCH_ROM and remove the offending line
   def initialize(logger: ALLSEARCH_LOGGER, rom_container: nil)
     @logger = logger
-    @rom_container = rom_container || Rails.application.config&.rom || RomFactory.new.require_rom!
+    @rom_container = rom_container || rails_rom_container || RomFactory.new.require_rom!
   end
 
   def run
@@ -24,6 +24,13 @@ def run
 
   attr_reader :csv, :logger, :rom_container
 
+  # :reek:UtilityFunction
+  def rails_rom_container
+    Rails.application.config.rom
+  rescue NoMethodError
+    nil
+  end
+
   def fetch_data
     contents = uri.open
     @csv = CSV.new(contents)
diff --git a/config/db_connection.rb b/config/db_connection.rb
index 9f3740a2..2a8a50bb 100644
--- a/config/db_connection.rb
+++ b/config/db_connection.rb
@@ -2,13 +2,14 @@
 
 require_relative 'allsearch_configs'
 require 'erb'
-require 'sequel'
 require 'yaml'
+require 'sequel'
 
 begin
   db_config = ALLSEARCH_CONFIGS[:database]
+
   DB = Sequel.postgres(db_config[:database], user: db_config[:username], password: db_config[:password],
                                              host: db_config[:host], port: db_config[:port])
 rescue StandardError
-  nil
+  DB = nil
 end
diff --git a/config/initializers/rom_setup.rb b/config/initializers/rom_setup.rb
index fa05ea8b..9f24950f 100644
--- a/config/initializers/rom_setup.rb
+++ b/config/initializers/rom_setup.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 # This initializer is responsible for making a ROM container available
 # to the application
 
-# Initialize rom config attribute to ensure it always exists
 Rails.application.config.rom = nil
 
 result = RomFactory.new.rom_if_available
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230918174143_create_best_bet_documents.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230918174143_create_best_bet_documents.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230918174143_create_best_bet_documents.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230918174143_create_best_bet_documents.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230918230048_create_oauth_tokens.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230918230048_create_oauth_tokens.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230918230048_create_oauth_tokens.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230918230048_create_oauth_tokens.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230919194126_rename_best_best_documents_to_best_bet_records.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230919194126_rename_best_best_documents_to_best_bet_records.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230919194126_rename_best_best_documents_to_best_bet_records.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230919194126_rename_best_best_documents_to_best_bet_records.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230919194551_remove_not_null_constraints_from_oauth_token.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230919194551_remove_not_null_constraints_from_oauth_token.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230919194551_remove_not_null_constraints_from_oauth_token.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230919194551_remove_not_null_constraints_from_oauth_token.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230920214343_create_library_databases.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230920214343_create_library_databases.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230920214343_create_library_databases.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230920214343_create_library_databases.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20230921193904_add_weights_to_searchable.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20230921193904_add_weights_to_searchable.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20230921193904_add_weights_to_searchable.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20230921193904_add_weights_to_searchable.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20231120153410_create_library_staff_documents.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20231120153410_create_library_staff_documents.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20231120153410_create_library_staff_documents.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20231120153410_create_library_staff_documents.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20231121205208_staff_search_indexing.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20231121205208_staff_search_indexing.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20231121205208_staff_search_indexing.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20231121205208_staff_search_indexing.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240710210913_remove_not_null_constraint_from_staff_department.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240710210913_remove_not_null_constraint_from_staff_department.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240710210913_remove_not_null_constraint_from_staff_department.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240710210913_remove_not_null_constraint_from_staff_department.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240716210532_add_staff_records_fields.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240716210532_add_staff_records_fields.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240716210532_add_staff_records_fields.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240716210532_add_staff_records_fields.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240716214838_update_searchable_library_staff_records.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240716214838_update_searchable_library_staff_records.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240716214838_update_searchable_library_staff_records.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240716214838_update_searchable_library_staff_records.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240717164314_create_flipper_tables.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240717164314_create_flipper_tables.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240717164314_create_flipper_tables.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240717164314_create_flipper_tables.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240717173433_create_banners.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240717173433_create_banners.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240717173433_create_banners.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240717173433_create_banners.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240813174823_add_pronouns_to_library_staff_record.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240813174823_add_pronouns_to_library_staff_record.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240813174823_add_pronouns_to_library_staff_record.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240813174823_add_pronouns_to_library_staff_record.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240815164656_enable_unaccent_extension.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240815164656_enable_unaccent_extension.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240815164656_enable_unaccent_extension.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240815164656_enable_unaccent_extension.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240819142401_add_unaccented_dictionary.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240819142401_add_unaccented_dictionary.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240819142401_add_unaccented_dictionary.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240819142401_add_unaccented_dictionary.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240819150118_use_unaccented_dict_library_db.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240819150118_use_unaccented_dict_library_db.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240819150118_use_unaccented_dict_library_db.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240819150118_use_unaccented_dict_library_db.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240820184147_add_unaccented_simple_dictionary.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240820184147_add_unaccented_simple_dictionary.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240820184147_add_unaccented_simple_dictionary.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240820184147_add_unaccented_simple_dictionary.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20240820185228_use_unaccented_simple_dict_library_staff.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20240820185228_use_unaccented_simple_dict_library_staff.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20240820185228_use_unaccented_simple_dict_library_staff.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20240820185228_use_unaccented_simple_dict_library_staff.rb
diff --git a/db/migrate/20250627142651_rank_searchable_staff.rb b/db/old_rails_migrate/20250627142651_rank_searchable_staff.rb
similarity index 100%
rename from db/migrate/20250627142651_rank_searchable_staff.rb
rename to db/old_rails_migrate/20250627142651_rank_searchable_staff.rb
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251212143343_create_best_bet_records.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251212143343_create_best_bet_records.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10cde97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251212143343_create_best_bet_records.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    create_table(:best_bet_records) do
+      primary_key :id
+      String :title
+      String :description
+      String :url
+      column :search_terms, 'text[]'
+      Date :last_update
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251212150000_create_oauth_tokens.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251212150000_create_oauth_tokens.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d67f716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251212150000_create_oauth_tokens.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    create_table(:oauth_tokens) do
+      primary_key :id
+      String :service, null: false
+      String :endpoint, null: false
+      String :token, null: true
+      DateTime :expiration_time, null: true
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    end
+    add_index :oauth_tokens, :service, unique: true
+    add_index :oauth_tokens, :endpoint, unique: true
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251212150500_create_banners.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251212150500_create_banners.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1fe2d87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251212150500_create_banners.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    create_table(:banners) do
+      primary_key :id
+      String :text, text: true, default: ''
+      Boolean :display_banner, default: false
+      Integer :alert_status, default: 1
+      Boolean :dismissible, default: true
+      Boolean :autoclear, default: false
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251212161222_create_library_database_records.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251212161222_create_library_database_records.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58448931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251212161222_create_library_database_records.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    create_table(:library_database_records) do
+      primary_key :id
+      bigint :libguides_id, null: false
+      String :name, null: false
+      String :description
+      column :alt_names, 'text[]'
+      String :alt_names_concat
+      String :url
+      String :friendly_url
+      column :subjects, 'text[]'
+      String :subjects_concat
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+      tsvector :searchable,
+              generated_always_as: Sequel.lit(
+                    "setweight(to_tsvector('english', coalesce(name,'')), 'A')    || " \
+                    "setweight(to_tsvector('english', coalesce(alt_names_concat,'')), 'B')  || " \
+                    "setweight(to_tsvector('english', coalesce(description,'')), 'C') || " \
+                    "setweight(to_tsvector('english', coalesce(subjects_concat,'')), 'D') ",
+              )
+    end
+    add_index :library_database_records, :searchable,
+              using: :gin, name: 'searchable_idx'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251215120000_create_library_staff_records.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251215120000_create_library_staff_records.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f79eec2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251215120000_create_library_staff_records.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    execute "CREATE ExTENSION IF NOT EXISTS unaccent;"
+    execute <<~SQL
+      CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION unaccented_dict ( COPY = english );
+      ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION unaccented_dict ALTER MAPPING FOR hword, hword_part, word WITH unaccent, simple;
+    SQL
+    execute <<~SQL
+      CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION unaccented_simple_dict ( COPY = simple );
+      ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION unaccented_simple_dict ALTER MAPPING FOR hword, hword_part, word WITH unaccent, simple;
+    SQL
+    create_table(:library_staff_records) do
+      primary_key :id
+      bigint :puid, null: false
+      String :netid, null: false
+      String :phone
+      String :name, null: false
+      String :last_name
+      String :first_name
+      String :middle_name
+      String :title, null: false
+      String :library_title, null: false
+      String :email, null: false
+      String :team
+      String :division
+      String :department
+      String :unit
+      String :office
+      String :building
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      String :areas_of_study
+      String :other_entities
+      String :my_scheduler_link
+      String :pronouns
+
+      tsvector :name_searchable,
+        generated_always_as: Sequel.function(
+          :to_tsvector, 
+          'public.unaccented_simple_dict',
+          Sequel.lit("coalesce(name, '') || ' ' || coalesce(first_name, '') || ' ' || coalesce(middle_name, '') || ' ' || coalesce(last_name, '')")
+        )
+
+      String :bio
+      
+      tsvector :searchable,
+        generated_always_as: Sequel.function(
+          :to_tsvector, 
+          'public.unaccented_dict',
+          Sequel.lit("coalesce(title, '') || ' ' || coalesce(email, '') || ' ' || coalesce(department, '') || ' ' || coalesce(office, '') || ' ' || coalesce(building, '') || ' ' || coalesce(team, '') || ' ' || coalesce(division, '') || ' ' || coalesce(unit, '') || ' ' || coalesce(areas_of_study, '') || ' ' || coalesce(bio, '') || ' ' || coalesce(other_entities, '')")
+        )
+
+    end
+
+    add_index :library_staff_records, :name_searchable,
+              using: :gin, name: 'staff_name_search_idx'
+
+    add_index :library_staff_records, :searchable,
+              using: :gin, name: 'staff_search_idx'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/rom_migrate/20251215121000_create_flipper_tables.rb b/db/rom_migrate/20251215121000_create_flipper_tables.rb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc6bac1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/rom_migrate/20251215121000_create_flipper_tables.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+
+Sequel.migration do
+  change do
+    create_table(:flipper_features) do
+      primary_key :id
+      String :key, null: false
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    end
+
+    add_index :flipper_features, :key, unique: true
+
+    create_table(:flipper_gates) do
+      primary_key :id
+      String :feature_key, null: false
+      String :key, null: false
+      column :value, 'text'
+      DateTime :created_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+      DateTime :updated_at, null: false, default: Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+    end
+
+    add_index :flipper_gates, [:feature_key, :key, :value], unique: true, name: 'flipper_gates_feature_key_key_value_idx'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/init/rom_factory.rb b/init/rom_factory.rb
index 5cfd3671..ea1a32da 100644
--- a/init/rom_factory.rb
+++ b/init/rom_factory.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 require 'rom-sql'
 require 'dry-monads'
 require_relative 'environment'
+require_relative '../config/db_connection'
 require allsearch_path 'init/logger'
 require allsearch_path 'app/relations/banner_relation'
 require allsearch_path 'app/relations/best_bet_relation'
@@ -29,13 +30,16 @@ def database_if_available
 
   def rom_if_available
     db_connection
-      .bind { |connection| verify_database_ready(connection) }
+      .bind { |connection| verify_db_connection_is_ready(connection) }
+      .bind { |connection| verify_required_rom_tables(connection) }
       .bind { |connection| rom_container(connection) }
   end
 
   private
 
   def db_connection
+    return Success(DB) if defined?(DB) && DB
+
     db_config = ALLSEARCH_CONFIGS[:database]
     Success(Sequel.postgres(db_config[:database], user: db_config[:username], password: db_config[:password],
                                                   host: db_config[:host], port: db_config[:port]))
@@ -43,16 +47,35 @@ def db_connection
     Failure(error)
   end
 
+  def rom_container(db_connection)
+    rom_config = ROM::Configuration.new(:sql, db_connection)
+    rom_config.register_relation BannerRelation
+    rom_config.register_relation BestBetRelation
+    rom_config.register_relation LibraryDatabaseRelation
+    rom_config.register_relation LibraryStaffRelation
+    rom_config.register_relation OAuthTokenRelation
+    rom_config.default.use_logger ALLSEARCH_LOGGER
+    Success(ROM.container(rom_config))
+  end
+
   # rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
-  def verify_database_ready(connection)
-    required_tables = [:schema_migrations, :ar_internal_metadata]
+  def verify_required_rom_tables(connection)
+    # Check forschema_migrations table (created by ROM)
+    unless connection.table_exists?(:schema_migrations)
+      return Failure(StandardError.new(
+                       'ROM migration tracking table does not exist. Run: bundle exec rake db:migrate'
+                     ))
+    end
+
+    # Check for required tables that ROM relations depend on
+    required_tables = [:best_bet_records, :oauth_tokens, :library_database_records, :library_staff_records, :banners]
     missing_tables = required_tables.reject { |table| connection.table_exists?(table) }
 
     if missing_tables.empty?
       Success(connection)
     else
       Failure(StandardError.new(
-                "Database is missing tables: #{missing_tables.join(', ')}. Please run migrations/load the db structure."
+                "Required tables missing: #{missing_tables.join(', ')}. Run: bundle exec rake db:migrate"
               ))
     end
   rescue StandardError => error
@@ -60,14 +83,9 @@ def verify_database_ready(connection)
   end
   # rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength
 
-  def rom_container(db_connection)
-    rom_config = ROM::Configuration.new(:sql, db_connection)
-    rom_config.register_relation BannerRelation
-    rom_config.register_relation BestBetRelation
-    rom_config.register_relation LibraryDatabaseRelation
-    rom_config.register_relation LibraryStaffRelation
-    rom_config.register_relation OAuthTokenRelation
-    rom_config.default.use_logger ALLSEARCH_LOGGER
-    Success(ROM.container(rom_config))
+  def verify_db_connection_is_ready(connection)
+    Success(connection)
+  rescue StandardError => error
+    Failure(error)
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/capistrano/tasks/rom_migrate.rake b/lib/capistrano/tasks/rom_migrate.rake
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f5c1749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/capistrano/tasks/rom_migrate.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Override default Rails migrate step to run ROM/Sequel migrations instead
+namespace :deploy do
+  Rake::Task['deploy:migrate'].clear if Rake::Task.task_defined?('deploy:migrate')
+
+  desc 'Run ROM/Sequel migrations'
+  task :migrate do
+    on roles(:db) do
+      within release_path do
+        with rails_env: fetch(:rails_env) do
+          execute :bundle, :exec, :rake, 'db:migrate_to_rom'
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/tasks/fix_sequences.rake b/lib/tasks/fix_sequences.rake
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ab18b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tasks/fix_sequences.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+namespace :rom do
+  desc 'Fix missing sequences for primary keys'
+  task :fix_sequences do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+
+    tables = [:best_bet_records, :oauth_tokens, :library_databases, :library_staff_documents, :banners]
+
+    tables.each do |table|
+      next unless conn.table_exists?(table)
+
+      sequence_name = "#{table}_id_seq"
+
+      conn.run("CREATE SEQUENCE IF NOT EXISTS #{sequence_name}")
+
+      conn.run("ALTER TABLE #{table} ALTER COLUMN id SET DEFAULT nextval('#{sequence_name}')")
+
+      conn.run("SELECT setval('#{sequence_name}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(id), 0) + 1 FROM #{table}))")
+
+      puts "Fixed sequence for #{table}"
+    end
+
+    puts 'All sequences fixed.'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/tasks/migrate_to_rom.rake b/lib/tasks/migrate_to_rom.rake
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bc44091
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tasks/migrate_to_rom.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+namespace :db do
+  desc 'One-time task: Convert Rails schema_migrations to ROM format'
+  task :migrate_to_rom do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+
+    # Check if version column is string type (Rails format)
+    column_type = conn.schema(:schema_migrations).find { |col| col[0] == :version }&.dig(1, :db_type)
+
+    if column_type == 'character varying'
+      puts 'Converting schema_migrations from Rails format to ROM format...'
+
+      # Truncate table
+      conn.run('TRUNCATE TABLE schema_migrations')
+
+      # Change column type from varchar to bigint with explicit casting
+      conn.run('ALTER TABLE schema_migrations ALTER COLUMN version TYPE bigint USING version::bigint')
+
+      puts 'Populating ROM migrations...'
+      Rake::Task['db:migrations_applied'].invoke
+
+      puts 'Migration to ROM complete!'
+    else
+      puts 'Already using ROM format, running normal migrations...'
+      Rake::Task['db:migrate'].invoke
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/tasks/rom_migrations.rake b/lib/tasks/rom_migrations.rake
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc34701b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/tasks/rom_migrations.rake
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# rubocop:disable Metrics/BlockLength
+namespace :db do
+  # rubocop:enable Metrics/BlockLength
+
+  # Clear Rails default db:migrate task if it exists
+  Rake::Task['db:migrate'].clear if Rake::Task.task_defined?('db:migrate')
+
+  desc 'Run ROM/Sequel migrations'
+  task :migrate do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+    Sequel.extension :migration
+
+    unless conn.table_exists?(:schema_migrations)
+      conn.create_table(:schema_migrations) do
+        column :version, :bigint, null: false, primary_key: true
+      end
+    end
+
+    migration_dir = File.join(Dir.pwd, 'db', 'rom_migrate')
+    applied = conn[:schema_migrations].select_map(:version)
+
+    Dir.glob(File.join(migration_dir, '*.rb')).each do |file|
+      version = File.basename(file).split('_').first.to_i
+
+      next if applied.include?(version)
+
+      puts "Applying migration: #{File.basename(file)}"
+      load file
+      migration = Sequel::Migration.descendants.last
+      migration.apply(conn, :up)
+      Sequel::Migration.descendants.pop
+      conn[:schema_migrations].insert(version: version)
+    end
+
+    puts 'ROM/Sequel migrations run.'
+  end
+
+  desc 'Rollback ROM/Sequel migrations to a target (provide TARGET=timestamp)'
+  task :rollback do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    target = ENV['TARGET']&.to_i
+    unless target&.positive?
+      puts 'Please provide TARGET=timestamp to rollback to (e.g. TARGET=20251211000001)'
+      exit 1
+    end
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+    Sequel.extension :migration
+    Sequel::Migrator.run(conn, File.join(Dir.pwd, 'db', 'rom_migrate'),
+                         target: target,
+                         table: :schema_migrations,
+                         column: :version)
+    puts "Rolled back ROM/Sequel migrations to #{target}."
+  end
+
+  desc 'Reset migration tracking table (clears all migration history)'
+  task :reset_tracking do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+
+    if conn.table_exists?(:schema_migrations)
+      conn[:schema_migrations].delete
+      puts 'Cleared schema_migrations table'
+    else
+      puts 'schema_migrations table does not exist'
+    end
+  end
+
+  desc 'Mark existing migrations as applied without running them (first time setup)'
+  task :migrations_applied do
+    require_relative '../../init/rom_factory'
+
+    conn = RomFactory.new.database_if_available.value!
+    Sequel.extension :migration
+
+    unless conn.table_exists?(:schema_migrations)
+      conn.create_table(:schema_migrations) do
+        column :version, :bigint, null: false, primary_key: true
+      end
+    end
+
+    migration_dir = File.join(Dir.pwd, 'db', 'rom_migrate')
+    migration_files = Dir.glob(File.join(migration_dir, '*.rb')).map { |f| File.basename(f).split('_').first.to_i }.sort
+
+    migration_files.each do |version|
+      if conn[:schema_migrations].where(version: version).any?
+        puts "Already applied: #{version}"
+      else
+        conn[:schema_migrations].insert(version: version)
+        puts "Applied: #{version}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    puts 'All existing migrations are applied.'
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/tasks/servers.rake b/lib/tasks/servers.rake
index aadb0b10..292d8618 100644
--- a/lib/tasks/servers.rake
+++ b/lib/tasks/servers.rake
@@ -2,18 +2,19 @@
 
 namespace :servers do
   desc 'Start development servers'
-  task :initialize do
+  task initialize: :environment do
+    Rake::Task['db:drop'].invoke
     Rake::Task['db:create'].invoke
     Rake::Task['db:migrate'].invoke
   end
 
   desc 'Start the Apache Solr and PostgreSQL container services using Lando.'
-  task :start do
+  task start: :environment do
     Rake::Task['solr:update_configs'].invoke
     system('lando start')
-    system('rake servers:initialize')
-    system('rake servers:initialize RAILS_ENV=test')
-    system('rake solr:load_sample_data')
-    system('rake best_bets:sync')
+    system('bundle exec rake servers:initialize')
+    system('RAILS_ENV=test bundle exec rake db:migrate')
+    system('bundle exec rake solr:load_sample_data')
+    system('bundle exec rake best_bets:sync')
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/init/rom_factory_spec.rb b/spec/init/rom_factory_spec.rb
index b6607856..da3b4745 100644
--- a/spec/init/rom_factory_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/init/rom_factory_spec.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,35 @@
 require allsearch_path 'init/rom_factory'
 
 RSpec.describe RomFactory do
+  describe '#db_connection' do
+    it 'returns success with existing DB constant if already defined' do
+      result = described_class.new.send(:db_connection)
+      expect(result).to be_success
+      expect(result.success).to be_a(Sequel::Database)
+    end
+
+    context 'when DB constant is not defined' do
+      before do
+        hide_const('DB')
+      end
+
+      it 'returns success with database connection when connection succeeds' do
+        db = instance_double(Sequel::Postgres::Database, to_s: 'postgres://my-connection-string')
+        allow(Sequel).to receive(:postgres).and_return(db)
+        result = described_class.new.send(:db_connection)
+        expect(result).to be_success
+        expect(result.success).to eq(db)
+      end
+
+      it 'returns failure when database connection fails' do
+        allow(Sequel).to receive(:postgres).and_raise(Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError.new('Connection failed'))
+        result = described_class.new.send(:db_connection)
+        expect(result).to be_failure
+        expect(result.failure).to be_a(Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
   describe '#require_rom!' do
     # rubocop: disable RSpec/VerifiedDoubles
     it 'returns a rom if the database connection is good' do
@@ -18,23 +47,55 @@
     # rubocop: enable RSpec/VerifiedDoubles
 
     it 'raises an error if the database connection is bad' do
-      allow(Sequel).to receive(:postgres).and_raise Sequel::Error
-      expect { described_class.new.require_rom! }.to raise_exception(/Could not connect to the database/)
+      rom_factory = described_class.new
+      allow(rom_factory).to receive(:db_connection).and_return(Failure(Sequel::Error.new))
+      expect { rom_factory.require_rom! }.to raise_exception(/Could not connect to the database/)
     end
   end
 
   describe 'rom_if_available' do
     it 'returns failure if we cannot connect to the database' do
-      allow(Sequel).to receive(:postgres).and_raise Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError
-      expect(described_class.new.rom_if_available).to be_failure
+      rom_factory = described_class.new
+      allow(rom_factory).to receive(:db_connection).and_return(Failure(Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError.new))
+      expect(rom_factory.rom_if_available).to be_failure
     end
 
-    it 'returns failure if required tables do not exist' do
+    it 'returns failure if database connection is not ready' do
       db = instance_double(Sequel::Postgres::Database, to_s: 'postgres://my-connection-string')
-      allow(Sequel).to receive(:postgres).and_return(db)
-      allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:schema_migrations).and_return(false)
-      allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:ar_internal_metadata).and_return(true)
-      expect(described_class.new.rom_if_available).to be_failure
+      rom_factory = described_class.new
+      allow(rom_factory).to receive(:db_connection).and_return(Success(db))
+      allow(rom_factory).to receive(:verify_db_connection_is_ready).and_call_original
+      allow(rom_factory).to receive(:Success).and_raise(StandardError.new)
+      expect(rom_factory.rom_if_available).to be_failure
+    end
+
+    describe 'when required tables do not exist' do
+      # rubocop: disable RSpec/NestedGroups
+      context 'when schema_migrations table is missing' do
+        it 'returns failure' do
+          db = instance_double(Sequel::Postgres::Database, to_s: 'postgres://my-connection-string')
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:schema_migrations).and_return(false)
+          rom_factory = described_class.new
+          allow(rom_factory).to receive(:db_connection).and_return(Success(db))
+          expect(rom_factory.rom_if_available).to be_failure
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'when other required tables are missing' do
+        it 'returns failure' do
+          db = instance_double(Sequel::Postgres::Database, to_s: 'postgres://my-connection-string')
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:schema_migrations).and_return(true)
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:best_bet_records).and_return(true)
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:library_database_records).and_return(true)
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:library_staff_records).and_return(true)
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:banners).and_return(true)
+          allow(db).to receive(:table_exists?).with(:oauth_tokens).and_return(false)
+          rom_factory = described_class.new
+          allow(rom_factory).to receive(:db_connection).and_return(Success(db))
+          expect(rom_factory.rom_if_available).to be_failure
+        end
+      end
+      # rubocop: enable RSpec/NestedGroups
     end
 
     it 'returns success when database is ready and ROM can be initialized' do
diff --git a/spec/requests/library_staff_spec.rb b/spec/requests/library_staff_spec.rb
index a8ec690d..09673c17 100644
--- a/spec/requests/library_staff_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/library_staff_spec.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
   before do
     stub_request(:get, 'https://lib-jobs.princeton.edu/pul-staff-report.csv')
       .to_return(status: 200, body: libjobs_response)
-    LibraryStaffLoadingService.new.run
+    LibraryStaffLoadingService.new(rom_container: ALLSEARCH_ROM).run
   end
 
   it 'returns json' do
diff --git a/spec/services/best_bet_loading_service_spec.rb b/spec/services/best_bet_loading_service_spec.rb
index 7898bb4f..4863bcc5 100644
--- a/spec/services/best_bet_loading_service_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/services/best_bet_loading_service_spec.rb
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
   let(:search_terms) { '{some, terms}' }
   let(:url) { 'https://example.com' }
 
-  let(:rom) { Rails.application.config.rom }
+  let(:rom) { RomFactory.new.require_rom! }
   let(:repo) { RepositoryFactory.best_bet }
   let(:best_bet) { rom.relations[:best_bet_records] }
 
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
   context 'when a best bet in postgres is no longer in the CSV' do
     it 'removes it from the database' do
       repo = RepositoryFactory.best_bet
-      old_record = repo.create(id: 123, title:, search_terms:, url:)
-      expect(best_bet.where(id: 123)).to contain_exactly(old_record)
+      repo.create(id: 123, title:, search_terms:, url:)
+      expect(best_bet.where(id: 123).count).to eq 1
       described_class.new.run
       expect(best_bet.where(id: 123).count).to eq 0
     end
@@ -83,4 +83,11 @@
                    'The original length was 30 rows, the new length is 8 rows.')
     end
   end
+
+  context 'when Rails raises NoMethodError during CSVLoadingService initialization' do
+    it 'falls back to RomFactory and still works' do
+      allow(Rails).to receive(:application).and_raise(NoMethodError)
+      expect { described_class.new.run }.to change(best_bet, :count).by(7)
+    end
+  end
 end
diff --git a/spec/services/library_database_loading_service_spec.rb b/spec/services/library_database_loading_service_spec.rb
index b0a8c216..5800d7dd 100644
--- a/spec/services/library_database_loading_service_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/services/library_database_loading_service_spec.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   end
 
   it 'creates a new row in the library_database_records table for each CSV row' do
-    rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+    rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
     expect { described_class.new.run }.to change { rom.relations[:library_database_records].count }.by(14)
     third_record = rom.relations[:library_database_records].to_a[2]
     expect(third_record[:name]).to eq('Abzu')
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
   end
 
   it 'is idempotent' do
-    rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+    rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
     described_class.new.run
     expect { described_class.new.run }.not_to(change { rom.relations[:library_database_records].count })
   end
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
     let(:libjobs_response) { 'bad response' }
 
     it 'does not proceed' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_database
       repo.create(libguides_id: 123, name: 'JSTOR')
       expect { described_class.new.run }.not_to(change { rom.relations[:library_database_records].count })
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 
   context 'when a library database in postgres is no longer in the CSV' do
     it 'removes it from the database' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_database
       repo.create(libguides_id: 123, name: 'JSTOR')
       expect(rom.relations[:library_database_records].where(libguides_id: 123).count).to eq 1
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
   context 'when a library database has updated info in the CSV' do
     it 'updates the relevant fields' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_database
       repo.create(libguides_id: 2_938_694, name: 'JSTOR')
       expect(
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 
   context 'when the CSV is suspiciously small relative to the number of database rows' do
     it 'does not proceed' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_database
       30.times { |number| repo.create(libguides_id: number, name: 'JSTOR') }
       expect { described_class.new.run }.not_to(change { rom.relations[:library_database_records].count })
diff --git a/spec/services/library_staff_loading_service_spec.rb b/spec/services/library_staff_loading_service_spec.rb
index af3214ee..e9cf4a65 100644
--- a/spec/services/library_staff_loading_service_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/services/library_staff_loading_service_spec.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
   end
 
   it 'creates new rows in the library_staff table for each CSV row' do
-    rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+    rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
     expect { described_class.new.run }.to change { rom.relations[:library_staff_records].count }.by(5)
     third_record = rom.relations[:library_staff_records].to_a[2]
     fourth_record = rom.relations[:library_staff_records].to_a[3]
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
   it 'is idempotent' do
     described_class.new.run
-    rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+    rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
     expect { described_class.new.run }.not_to(change { rom.relations[:library_staff_records].count })
   end
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
       described_class.new.run
       # Create a record that would typically be deleted as part of running
       # this service, since it is not in the CSV data
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_staff
       repo.create(puid: 0o00000004, netid: 'notourcat', name: 'Cat, Not Our',
                   title: 'Outside Specialist', library_title: 'Outside Specialist',
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
       described_class.new.run
       # Create a record that would typically be deleted as part of running
       # this service, since it is not in the CSV data
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_staff
       repo.create(puid: 0o00000004, netid: 'notourcat', name: 'Cat, Not Our',
                   title: 'Outside Specialist', library_title: 'Outside Specialist',
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 
   context 'when a staff member in postgres is no longer in the CSV' do
     it 'removes them from the database' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_staff
       repo.create(puid: 0o00000004, netid: 'notourcat', name: 'Cat, Not Our',
                   title: 'Outside Specialist', library_title: 'Outside Specialist',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
 
   context 'when a staff member has updated info in the CSV' do
     it 'updates the relevant fields' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       repo = RepositoryFactory.library_staff
       repo.create(puid: 0o00000003, netid: 'tiberius', first_name: 'Spot Tiberius', name: 'Adams, Spot',
                   title: 'Lead Hairball Engineer', library_title: 'Lead Hairball Engineer',
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
     let(:libjobs_response) { file_fixture('library_staff/staff-directory-blank-lines.csv') }
 
     it 'creates records for any complete lines in the CSV' do
-      rom = Rails.application.config.rom
+      rom = RomFactory.new.require_rom!
       expect { described_class.new.run }.to change { rom.relations[:library_staff_records].count }.by(1)
     end
   end