backend_polymake: polymake has only limited support for polyhedra over quadratic extensions

[mkoeppe]

Following up on #22683:

See https://forum.polymake.org/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=549

See also: #22710: Meta-ticket: polymake

Depends on #22683

Upstream: Reported upstream. No feedback yet.

Component: geometry

Keywords: polymake

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/22730