[SPARK-31879][SQL] Using GB as default Locale for datetime formatters

# What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR switches the default Locale from the `US` to `GB` to change the behavior of the first day of the week from Sunday-started to Monday-started as same as v2.4

### Why are the changes needed?

#### cases
```sql
spark-sql> select to_timestamp('2020-1-1', 'YYYY-w-u');
2019-12-29 00:00:00
spark-sql> set spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy=legacy;
spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy	legacy
spark-sql> select to_timestamp('2020-1-1', 'YYYY-w-u');
2019-12-30 00:00:00
```

#### reasons

These week-based fields need Locale to express their semantics, the first day of the week varies from country to country.

From the Java doc of WeekFields
```java
    /**
     * Gets the first day-of-week.
     * <p>
     * The first day-of-week varies by culture.
     * For example, the US uses Sunday, while France and the ISO-8601 standard use Monday.
     * This method returns the first day using the standard {code DayOfWeek} enum.
     *
     * return the first day-of-week, not null
     */
    public DayOfWeek getFirstDayOfWeek() {
        return firstDayOfWeek;
    }
```

But for the SimpleDateFormat, the day-of-week is not localized

```
u	Day number of week (1 = Monday, ..., 7 = Sunday)	Number	1
```

Currently, the default locale we use is the US, so the result moved a day backward.

For other countries, please refer to [First Day of the Week in Different Countries](http://chartsbin.com/view/41671)

With this change, it restores the first day of week calculating for functions when using the default locale.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

Yes, but the behavior change is used to restore the old one of v2.4

### How was this patch tested?

add unit tests

Closes apache#28692 from yaooqinn/SPARK-31879.

Authored-by: Kent Yao <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <[email protected]>

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/DateFormatter.scala

@@ -117,7 +117,13 @@ class LegacySimpleDateFormatter(pattern: String, locale: Locale) extends LegacyD
 object DateFormatter {
   import LegacyDateFormats._
 
-  val defaultLocale: Locale = Locale.US
+  /**
+   * Before Spark 3.0, the first day-of-week is always Monday. Since Spark 3.0, it depends on the
+   * locale.
+   * We pick GB as the default locale instead of US, to be compatible with Spark 2.x, as US locale
+   * uses Sunday as the first day-of-week. See SPARK-31879.
+   */
+  val defaultLocale: Locale = new Locale("en", "GB")
 
   val defaultPattern: String = "yyyy-MM-dd"
 

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/util/TimestampFormatter.scala

@@ -278,7 +278,13 @@ object LegacyDateFormats extends Enumeration {
 object TimestampFormatter {
   import LegacyDateFormats._
 
-  val defaultLocale: Locale = Locale.US
+  /**
+   * Before Spark 3.0, the first day-of-week is always Monday. Since Spark 3.0, it depends on the
+   * locale.
+   * We pick GB as the default locale instead of US, to be compatible with Spark 2.x, as US locale
+   * uses Sunday as the first day-of-week. See SPARK-31879.
+   */
+  val defaultLocale: Locale = new Locale("en", "GB")
 
   def defaultPattern(): String = s"${DateFormatter.defaultPattern} HH:mm:ss"
 

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/datetime.sql

@@ -164,3 +164,7 @@ select from_csv('26/October/2015', 'date Date', map('dateFormat', 'dd/MMMMM/yyyy
 select from_unixtime(1, 'yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd');
 select date_format(timestamp '2018-11-17 13:33:33', 'yyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss');
 select date_format(date '2018-11-17', 'yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd');
+
+-- SPARK-31879: the first day of week
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uu');
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uuuu');

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/ansi/datetime.sql.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
--- Number of queries: 119
+-- Number of queries: 121
 
 
 -- !query
@@ -1025,3 +1025,19 @@ struct<>
 -- !query output
 org.apache.spark.SparkUpgradeException
 You may get a different result due to the upgrading of Spark 3.0: Fail to recognize 'yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd' pattern in the DateTimeFormatter. 1) You can set spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy to LEGACY to restore the behavior before Spark 3.0. 2) You can form a valid datetime pattern with the guide from https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 03
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uuuu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uuuu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 Wednesday

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/datetime-legacy.sql.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
--- Number of queries: 119
+-- Number of queries: 121
 
 
 -- !query
@@ -980,3 +980,19 @@ select date_format(date '2018-11-17', 'yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd')
 struct<date_format(CAST(DATE '2018-11-17' AS TIMESTAMP), yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd):string>
 -- !query output
 00000002018-11-17
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 03
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uuuu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uuuu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 0003

sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/datetime.sql.out

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 -- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
--- Number of queries: 119
+-- Number of queries: 121
 
 
 -- !query
@@ -997,3 +997,19 @@ struct<>
 -- !query output
 org.apache.spark.SparkUpgradeException
 You may get a different result due to the upgrading of Spark 3.0: Fail to recognize 'yyyyyyyyyyy-MM-dd' pattern in the DateTimeFormatter. 1) You can set spark.sql.legacy.timeParserPolicy to LEGACY to restore the behavior before Spark 3.0. 2) You can form a valid datetime pattern with the guide from https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 03
+
+
+-- !query
+select date_format('2020-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-dd uuuu')
+-- !query schema
+struct<date_format(CAST(2020-01-01 AS TIMESTAMP), YYYY-MM-dd uuuu):string>
+-- !query output
+2020-01-01 Wednesday