WIP: [CI][GPU] Test runs-on with cuda runners

.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml

@@ -178,6 +178,56 @@ jobs:
       os: windows-11-arm
       simd-level: NONE
 
+  cuda-cpp:
+    needs: check-labels
+    if: >-
+      needs.check-labels.outputs.force == 'true' ||
+      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra') ||
+      contains(fromJSON(needs.check-labels.outputs.ci-extra-labels || '[]'), 'CI: Extra: C++')
+    name: CUDA 13.0.2 C++ on Ubuntu 24.04
+    runs-on: "runs-on=${{ github.run_id }}/family=g4dn.xlarge/image=ubuntu24-gpu-x64"
+    env:
+      CUDA: "13.0.2"
+      UBUNTU: "24.04"
+    steps:
+      - name: Display NVIDIA SMI details
+        run: |
+          nvidia-smi
+          nvidia-smi -L
+          nvidia-smi -q -d Memory
+      - name: Ensure Docker is available with GPU support
+        run: docker run --rm --runtime=nvidia --gpus all ubuntu nvidia-smi
+      - name: Checkout Arrow
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          submodules: recursive
+      - name: Setup Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+        with:
+          python-version: 3
+      - name: Setup Archery
+        run: python3 -m pip install -e dev/archery[docker]
+      - name: Execute Docker Build
+        env:
+          ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ github.actor }}
+          ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+          source arrow/ci/scripts/util_enable_core_dumps.sh
+          archery docker run \
+            ubuntu-cuda-cpp
+      - name: Docker Push
+        if: >-
+          success() &&
+          github.event_name == 'push' &&
+          github.ref_name == 'main'
+        env:
+          ARCHERY_DOCKER_USER: ${{ github.actor }}
+          ARCHERY_DOCKER_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: archery docker push ubuntu-cuda-cpp
+
   jni-linux:
     needs: check-labels
     name: JNI ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }} ${{ matrix.platform.arch }}
@@ -440,6 +490,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.event_name == 'schedule' && always()
     needs:
       - docker
+      - cuda-cpp
       - jni-linux
       - jni-macos
       - msvc-arm64