ref(node-core): Add mechanism to cron instrumentations

[Lms24]

• ref(node-core): Add mechanism to cron instrumentations
• adjust tests

ref #17260

[github-actions]

node-overhead report 🧳

Note: This is a synthetic benchmark with a minimal express app and does not necessarily reflect the real-world performance impact in an application.

Scenario	Requests/s	% of Baseline	Prev. Requests/s	Change %
GET Baseline	9,231	-	9,109	+1%
GET With Sentry	1,228	13%	1,225	+0%
GET With Sentry (error only)	5,877	64%	5,775	+2%
POST Baseline	1,193	-	1,143	+4%
POST With Sentry	465	39%	451	+3%
POST With Sentry (error only)	1,058	89%	991	+7%
MYSQL Baseline	3,292	-	3,325	-1%
MYSQL With Sentry	416	13%	444	-6%
MYSQL With Sentry (error only)	2,667	81%	2,720	-2%

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