feat(outputs.heartbeat): Add logging information

[srebhan]

Summary

This PR adds an option to send logging information with the heartbeat. User options allow to filter the amount of log-lines included in the heartbeart.

Checklist

• No AI generated code was used in this PR
• AI generated code used in this PR follows the InfluxData Policy on AI-Generated Code Contributions

Related issues

related to #17303

[skartikey]

@srebhan Thanks for the PR! Added some comments.

[skartikey]

@srebhan One minor issue, but overall looks good. Approving.

[telegraf-tiger]

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Artifact URLs

. DEB	. RPM	. TAR . GZ	. ZIP
amd64.deb	aarch64.rpm	darwin_amd64.tar.gz	windows_amd64.zip
arm64.deb	armel.rpm	darwin_arm64.tar.gz	windows_arm64.zip
armel.deb	armv6hl.rpm	freebsd_amd64.tar.gz	windows_i386.zip
armhf.deb	i386.rpm	freebsd_armv7.tar.gz
i386.deb	ppc64le.rpm	freebsd_i386.tar.gz
mips.deb	riscv64.rpm	linux_amd64.tar.gz
mipsel.deb	s390x.rpm	linux_arm64.tar.gz
ppc64el.deb	x86_64.rpm	linux_armel.tar.gz
riscv64.deb		linux_armhf.tar.gz
s390x.deb		linux_i386.tar.gz
		linux_mips.tar.gz
		linux_mipsel.tar.gz
		linux_ppc64le.tar.gz
		linux_riscv64.tar.gz
		linux_s390x.tar.gz