CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra

A compact API and implementation of abelian group algebra commonly used in asymmetric cryptography, fully written in C#.

These groups are mathematical structures which are characterized by a set of group elements, an commutative addition operation on these elements and multiplication of a group element with a scalar. Additionally there exists a generator, i.e., an element that allows to obtain all other group elements by means of scalar multiplication with a unique factor for each element.

The aim of this project is to provide a basis for this kind of cryptographic algebra that is both, simple to use and easy to extend and customise. It also serves as a simple showcase on how concrete algebraic structures, such as elliptic curves, may be implemented in principle, without obfuscating the fundamentals for purposes of performance and security.

!Security Advisory! Note that due to its focus on simplicity CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra is neither a fully secure implementation nor the most performant. It is intended for experimental and educational purposes. If you require strict security, please use established cryptography libraries. A secure implementation of CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra interfaces using native calls to OpenSSL's libcrypto library is made available by the CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra.LibCrypto library that is included in this repository but published separately.

Features

• Generic classes CryptoGroup and CryptoGroupElement that user code interfaces with for group operations
• Available implementations of CryptoGroup:
  • Multiplicative groups of a field with prime characteristic
  • Elliptic curves in Weierstrass form, e.g., the NIST-P256 curve
  • Elliptic curves in Montgomery form, e.g., Curve25519
  • The x-coordinate-only variant of Montgomery curves

Installing

CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra can be installed from nuget. Follow the link for instructions on how to install using your preferred method (package manager, .net cli, etc).

Usage

The public API presents the two generic base classes CryptoGroup and CryptoGroupElement which are agnostic of the underlying instantiation and implementation of the group.

In addition, CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra currently provide group instantiations based on the multiplicative group of a finite field as well as the NIST-P256 and the Curve25519 elliptic curves.

Performing a Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange on a multiplicative group may look like

using System;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

using CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra;
using CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra.Multiplicative;

namespace Example
{
    public static class Program
    {
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // Instantiating a strong random number generator
            RandomNumberGenerator randomNumberGenerator = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();

            // Choosing parameters for multiplicative group
            // order 11 subgroup with generator 4 of characteristic 23 multiplicative group
            BigPrime prime = BigPrime.Create(23, randomNumberGenerator);
            BigPrime order = BigPrime.Create(11, randomNumberGenerator);
            BigInteger generator = 4;

            // Creating the group instance
            var group = MultiplicativeGroupAlgebra.CreateCryptoGroup(prime, order, generator);
            DoDiffieHellman(group, randomNumberGenerator);
        }

        private static void DoDiffieHellman<TScalar, TElement>(
            CryptoGroup<TScalar, TElement> group, RandomNumberGenerator randomNumberGenerator
        ) where TScalar : notnull where TElement : notnull
        {
            // Generating DH secret and public key for Alice
            (TScalar dhSecretAlice, CryptoGroupElement<TScalar, TElement> dhPublicAlice) =
                group.GenerateRandom(randomNumberGenerator);

            // Generating DH secret and public key for Bob
            (TScalar dhSecretBob, CryptoGroupElement<TScalar, TElement> dhPublicBob) =
                group.GenerateRandom(randomNumberGenerator);

            // Computing shared secret for Alice and Bob
            CryptoGroupElement<TScalar, TElement> sharedSecretBob = dhPublicAlice * dhSecretBob;
            CryptoGroupElement<TScalar, TElement> sharedSecretAlice = dhPublicBob * dhSecretAlice;

            // Confirm that it's the same
            Debug.Assert(sharedSecretAlice.Equals(sharedSecretBob));

            Console.WriteLine($"Alice - Secret: {dhSecretAlice}, Public: {dhPublicAlice}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Bob   - Secret: {dhSecretBob}, Public: {dhPublicBob}");

            Console.WriteLine($"Alice - Result: {sharedSecretAlice}");
            Console.WriteLine($"Bob   - Result: {sharedSecretBob}");
        }
    }
}

Note that all operations specific to the DH key exchange only use the abstract interfaces. We can therefore choose any group implementation instead of the multiplicative prime field group.

API Overview

Functionality of CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra is split over a range of classes, each with a single specific purpose, the most important of which are highlighted below.

• CryptoGroupElement<T> represents an element of a cryptographic group and implements operators for ease of use, abstracting from a specific underlying implementation type via its template type argument.
• CryptoGroup<T> is a wrapper around ICryptoGroupAlgebra<T> that ensures that all returned values are returned as CryptoGroupElement<T> instances.
• ICryptoGroupAlgebra<T> is the common interface for implementations of a specific mathematical group structure using the underlying type T
• CryptoGroupAlgebra<T> is an abstract base class for implementations of ICryptoGroupAlgebra<T>, providing common implementations derived from fundamental group operations (such as generating and inverting group elements).
• Multiplicative.MultiplicativeGroupAlgebra is an implementation of CryptoGroupAlgebra for multiplicative groups in fields of prime characteristic.
• EllipticCurves.CurveGroupAlgebra is an implementation of CryptoGroupAlgebra for elliptic curves that in turn relies on a specific CurveEquation instance for fundamental operations.
• Subclasses of EllipticCurves.CurveEquation provide the implementations of specific forms of elliptic curves (currently, EllipticCurves.WeierstrassCurveEquation and EllipticCurves.MontgomeryCurveEquation are provided).
• EllipticCurves.XOnlyMontgomeryCurveAlgebra implements the x-coordinate-only implementation of Montgomery curves
• EllipticCurves.CurveParameters encapsulates numeric parameters of a specific curve (as opposed to EllipticCurves.CurveEquation, which implements a specific curve form but does not provide values for the curve's parameters).

Instantiating CryptoGroup

To obtain a usable instance of CryptoGroup with any of the provided implementations, use the method

Multiplicative.MultiplicativeGroupAlgebra.CreateCryptoGroup(prime, order, generator);

for an adequate choice of prime, order and generator or

EllipticCurves.CurveGroupAlgebra.CreateCryptoGroup(curveParameters);

with a CurveParameters instance.

CurveParameters provides preconfigured instances for the following standardized elliptic curves

CurveParameters.NISTP256
CurveParameters.NISTP384
CurveParameters.NISTP521
CurveParameters.Curve25519
CurveParameters.M383
CurveParameters.M511

but you also have the option of instantiating an instance for your own curve.

License

CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra is licensed under the GPLv3 license (or any later version) for general use. If you would like to use CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra under different terms, contact the authors.

CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra aims to be REUSE Software compliant to facilitate easy reuse.

Versioning

CompactCryptoGroupAlgebra version numbers adhere to Semantic Versioning.